
Class. t^uf_ 



Book 



J&M&L 



£2 




PORTRAIT < IF ROBERT FULTON 

Painted by himself 

Property of Col. Henry T. Chapman 

At present loaned by him and on exhibition at the 
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute 

Published by permission of Col. Chapman 



MUSEUMS OF THE 

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 

FREDERIC A. LUCAS, D. So 
Curator-in -Chief 



CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

HISTORICAL COLLECTION 

AND 

OBJECTS OF RELATED INTEREST 

AT THE 

CHILDREN'S MUSEUM 



ANNA B. GALLUP, B. A. 
Curator 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION NUMBER 



Prepared by 
AGNES E. BOWEN 



For list of Officers and Institutions, Hudson-Fulton Celebration, 
see last four pages 









HISTORY. 

"History presents complete examples. Experience is 
doubly defective: we are born too late to see the beginning 
and we die too soon to see the end of many things. History 
supplies both of these defects : modern history shows the 
causes when experience presents the effects alone : and 
ancient history enables us to guess at the effects when ex- 
perience presents the causes alone." — Bolingbroke. 



INTRODUCTION. 

As a part of the Hudson-Fulton celebration, it was 
planned that some of the larger public educational institu- 
tions of New York should issue catalogues of such portions 
of their collections as related to the discoveries of Hudson 
or the inventions of Fulton. Allotments for this purpose 
were made by the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission to 
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Museum of 
Natural History, New York Zoological Park, New York 
Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and 
Sciences. 

The Central Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts 
and Sciences contains the Tooker collections of Indian im- 
plements, illustrating the arts and industries of the Indians 
at the time of their discovery by Hudson, and collections of 
the animals and plants found in this vicinity. As the story 
of the Indians will be told at length in the Catalogue of the 
American Museum of Natural History, and the animals and 
plants will be described by that institution, the Zoological 
Park and the Botanical Garden, it seemed best to confine the 
publication of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 
to a Catalogue of the history exhibits at the Children's 
Museum, the more that such a publication would have not 
merely a passing interest, but a lasting value as a book of 
reference. This catalogue has been prepared by Miss Agnes 
E. Bowen, who has planned and largely executed the exhibits 
in the Children's Museum, and also written their very full 
descriptive labels. This exhibit has proved of very great 
interest to both children and teachers, and of great value in 
teaching the history of Brooklyn and its relation to the his- 
tory of New York and of the country at large, and to Miss 
Bowen belongs the credit for the exhibits and for this cata- 
logue. 

Frederic A. Lucas. 



CATALOGUE OF THE HISTORICAL EXHIBIT, 
CHILDREN'S MUSEUM. 

The history of New York hinges on the discovery by 
Hudson of what is now New York Bay and the Hudson 
River: but for this there would have been no Dutch colonies, 
so all the history of this part of the country dates from the 
coming of Henry Hudson, which set in motion the train of 
events whose record we call history leading to the conditions 
existing at the present time. 

The special historical exhibit of the Brooklyn Institute 
is at its Children's Museum, placed there because it has been 
thought wise to make history attractive to children. 
Models, in miniature, objects and pictures present in engag- 
ing fashion an outline sufficiently full to permit understanding 
of the sequence of cause and effect in our national life, yet 
simple enough for a child of foreign parentage to compre- 
hend. Excessive detail is omitted as confusing to the youth- 
ful mind which can, however, follow a broad outline. The 
purpose of the exhibit is the induction of civic and national 
spirit, of loyalty to traditions of this nation, and of belief that 
liberty means obedience to law. The foreign born is in- 
structed to bring the noble traditions of his mother country 
as his contribution to the advancement of this nation. Our 
obligation to people of other lands is acknowledged in divers 
ways in the collections, and takes shape in the Historical Col- 
lection in models of the six types of people who were early 
settlers here. It is to be further amplified. 

History as shown at this Museum may be said to center 
on the year 1609. For, in the belief that a local view-point 
appeals to the student of history, particularly if he be a child, 
emphasis is laid on Hudson's probable landing at Coney Is- 
land (a part of Brooklyn), on what he must have seen and 
heard along this shore, and on the Long Island Indians who 
first saw him and his men. Long Island Indians are those 
taken for the subject of a group in the series of type models, 
and the statement that Long Island was called by the Indians 
"Seawanhacky," meaning "The Island of Shells," and was 
"the great aboriginal mint'' for the making of shell monev, 



6 CHILDREN' S MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

opens the label on Wampum. Then came the Dutch settle- 
ments here, the beginnings of Brooklyn ; English settlements 
in this vicinity and at the eastern end of the Island, and local 
and Long Island history down to the present. In connection 
with this our national history is studied, "the Brooklyn idea" 
finding place on numerous labels. Fulton visited in Brook- 
lyn — that fact has precedence in the label about him : Hudson 
and the nation and company responsible for his explorations 
are charted with discoverers, nations and sovereigns through 
whose agency the White race entered other parts of this con- 
tinent, our history being thus linked with that of Europe, 
though the latter is not afterward considered except when re- 
lated to that of this country. 

Taken as a whole the Historical Collection is fairly 
representative of our history from the period of discovery to 
and through that of Fulton, as perusal of the catalogue will 
show. In addition to the fine engraving of Hudson on the 
"Explorers" chart (all portraits of him are imaginary), and 
the photograph of Fulton on the "Inventors' " bulletin, pic- 
tures of the two men are framed, given descriptive labels and 
hung in the main hall near a large direction card which calls 
attention to Hudson-Fulton features in the Museum. These 
are in all exhibition rooms in the building, exhibits in each 
having been singled out to receive notice. Such are serpen- 
tine, a rock whose outcrop at Hoboken is accurately described 
by Hudson ; the topaz in the birthstone series of gems, which 
was Fulton's birthstone, he having been born on November 
14; plants, trees and animals which are known to have been 
here when Hudson came, and books set apart on a "Hudson- 
Fulton Bookshelf" in the Library. This has also special bul- 
letins. The orange shade of yellow is much in evidence, and 
the flags of Holland and the United States mark the route 
taken by both men. 

Models, objects and pictures (Classes A, B and C) are 
grouped in five sections.* 

* Lack of space at the Museum necessitates close arrangement, the need for the 
building to be erected sometime in the future being shown here as elsewhere. The 
need is especially impressed when a teacher brings a large class for study of the 
collection and can allow but a limited period of time. The class must enter by small 
divisions and hear too brief description. When, as frequently happens, several large 
classes come at one time, the situation is discouraging, for occasionally scholars must 
be disappointed, because they cannot remain until their turn comes to see the 
collection. 



THE BROOKLYN IDEA. t 

The first comprises European sovereigns and navigators 
and American Indians, sovereigns and explorers taking pre- 
cedence because the history is prepared from the stand-point 
of the White race. The second, the settlement and colonial 
period. The third, the period covered by the six wars. The 
fourth is devoted to New York State and the City of New 
York, and the fifth, to Brooklyn and Long Island. The last 
two sections may seem to overlap, but they do not. Until 
recent time, historically speaking, Brooklyn was a separate 
entity. The fact of its now being a borough of the City of 
New York finds place on labels whenever necessary and is 
not allowed to be forgotten. Brooklyn and Long Island are 
so united historically and in the present daily life of the in- 
habitants that the children naturally think of them as in com- 
bination. Queens, also on Long Island, is a borough of New 
York City. That fact will be mentioned in the history of 
Queens County, yet to be prepared, and also in the label 
about New York City. 

The collection is still unfinished, though its plan and 
scope are definite, and it is being extended as far as practica- 
ble. The line of extension, however, has to depend upon what 
can be obtained. Thus New York State and City, a section 
which, it was hoped, might be developed in time for this cele- 
bration, is still meagre; the series of United States money 
is but begun ; Brooklyn and Long Island in the Six Wars 
(Section III) period is represented by but one picture, one 
sword and the model of the monitor which was made at 
Greenpoint, although Section V has efficient representation 
otherwise. It will be noticed that the sword and monitor, 
though listed in the objects illustrative of the Civil War, are 
related to Brooklyn and Long Island (Section V) by their 
labels. The Flag exhibit is unfinished, but the material is 
in hand and will be installed as time permits. 

Section I, however, is complete, as it contains enough to 
convey the idea of the meeting of Europeans and American 
Indians. Two charts with portraits, maps and appropriate 
text, and a model of the "Half Moon," present the first men- 
tioned. Indian ornaments, wampum and utensils, and a fas- 
cinating group of Indians digging clams on Gowanus beach 



8 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

present the second. The group brings the Brooklyn idea for- 
ward, for Gowanus is a part of this borough ; the flat on which 
the cornfield stands that forms the background represent - 
that land first bought and its purchase recorded in the present 
Kings County. The borough of Brooklyn is in Kings County. 
Following the Indian group are six showing the most 
important types of early settlers within the limits of the 
United States : the Spanish, French, British and Dutch, there 
being three British sub-types ; Cavalier, New England and 
Quaker. The influencing religious beliefs are expressed in 
Spanish, French and New England models. The first has a 
Franciscan friar listening to a Spanish soldier who is urging 
the establishment of a new mission. It has a setting of mis- 
sion ambulatory and garden in the Southwest; the second, 
the arrival of a Jesuit at a mission outpost on the northern 
New York border on a wild winter's day ; the third, the visit 
of a clergyman of the Congregational Church upon a 
prominent family of his parish, in whose well-furnished par- 
lor he partakes of the usual refreshment of Bohea tea and 
sponge cake. Though widely separated by creed, these little 
groups set forth the idea that the settlers here brought with 
them earnest religious belief, for Franciscan and Jesuit 
softened the rigors of Spanish and French domination and 
were ever faithful to the widely separated people in their 
charge, while the New Englanders settled as congregations, 
in parishes, each with the clergyman as a dominant force. 
The Quaker scene also sets forth the religious idea in its 
very name, though it portrays the making of a "name-quilt" 
for a bride's "setting-out," the frame standing in an old- 
fashioned kitchen, through whose open "entry" door arrives 
one of the men guests for the supper that is to conclude the 
'quilting-bee." The Cavalier scene pictures the meeting of 
a gentleman of fashion and his fiancee at the garden porch of 
an old red brick Virginia homestead. Here the dominant 
church might be of either form of the two predominating 
faiths. But the Dutch scene is that of the trading-post in 
the forest at Fort Orange (Albany), the trader buying bear 
skins of friendly Indians, while his wife, two dogs and two 
pigs look on. This expresses the fact that the Dutch re- 



HUDSON NOTED POSSIBILITIES FOR TRADE. •' 

mained here at first entirely for trade and because of com- 
merce cultivated the friendship of the Indians, omitting the 
religious idea in their dealings, though without doubt they 
possessed it, for they were most liberal toward all forms of 
belief. It will be remembered that Hudson — of whom it has 
been said that he would have made a better modern consul 
than any other explorer of this country — noted the possibili- 
ties for trade in the amount of fine peltry that he observed. 

These type models are placed in chronological order in 
a wall case, each having electric illumination, and appearing 
as a separate little scene. Detailed description may be found 
in the catalogue, where the labels are given. 

Brooklyn has its special Dutch model, of extra size, per- 
mitting more detail. It is the home of a Patroon. Brook- 
lyn's representative of this form of the feudal system is 
housed in a mansion whose lines are reproduced from two 
ancient homesteads, still standing, near Bergen Beach, 
Jamaica Bay ; erected by members of the Bergen and Schenck 
families when that section was first settled, on land over 
which some of Hudson's men very likely passed, or, at least, 
saw. The Schenck house is built of the timbers of the ship 
in which the original Schenck came to this country. He 
beached it near where the house now stands and took it apart. 
The ship's "knees" are the ceiling supports of the first floor. 

Models representing the Six Wars are to be nine in num- 
ber, as Myles Standish, the first commissioned officer in New 
England ; a group representing naval warfare with the 
French and the Mediterranean pirates ; and another showing 
Indian warfare in the West, will complete the series. Thus 
far it has Standish, a short soldier in a full suit of armor 
and holding a matchlock, standing on guard in front of the 
meeting-house and fort on Burial Hill, Plymouth; an Eng- 
lish frontiersman, ambushed, shooting a crouching Indian 
with a flintlock, the frontiersman dressed in deer-skin and 
representing in type the French and Indian wars ; a scene in 
the Vassall House (Headquarters), Cambridge, when Wash- 
ington and his aide-de-camp, John Trumbull, meet John Paul 
Jones. This typifies the Revolution. The first is a snow 
scene, the second a forest, and the third a well-furnished 



10 children's museum, historical collection. 

room. The first two models and a set of photographs of the 
historical exhibits represented the Children's Museum at the 
Historical Bazar, held at the Plaza Hotel, Manhattan Bor- 
ough, in November of last year. 

Settings average 22 inches in length, 15 in height and 
12 in depth. The average height of the figures is 7 inches, 
Washington, of course, standing above this, and Standish 
and Jones proportionately below it. 

The miniature treatment of the subject enables the child 
to comprehend it at a glance and to understand the distinct 
and inclusive character of each type. Teachers and adults 
who have charge of children appreciate the putting of history 
into tangible form, which is unequalled as a vehicle for bring- 
ing an intellectual concept to children. 

Before the plan for the group may be formulated the 
period which it is to represent must be carefully studied. An 
instance of the difficulty experienced here appeared when it 
was desired to incorporate Washington, Jones and Trumbull, 
the portrait painter, in the "Revolution" group. Had they or 
could they have met in Boston at any time between July 3, 
1776, and the succeeding April? This involved months of 
research. When historic accuracy is settled — and it would 
seem that the easily ascertained facts of history are not suit- 
able for miniature type model — then arise the questions of 
setting, proportion, grouping and color, as important as in a 
stage presentation. To complicate matters, these must be ac- 
curate in the historic sense. One mistake here would cause 
some observer to forget all else in the entire exhibit. The 
amount of study necessary to these preliminaries may be 
judged by the book list appended. Cut and material of the 
costume, with average measurement to decide the amount, 
must be certain before doing the preliminary shopping for the 
figure models, as some of the accessories are expensive. 
With all this goes study of the character and personality of 
the one it is desired to model, complexion and color of the 
hair often modifying the color scheme. Where possible the 
figure models are portrait models. 

Preparation for label writing is included in that for the 
models, but has an additional difficulty. While the model is 



WHAT CHILDREN SAID ABOUT MODELS. 11 

of but one typical scene, the label must describe that and also 
give concise epitome of the period represented, one usually 
so full of interest that this exceeds other space writing, in 
laboriousness, for its value is dependent upon condensation 
instead of "spread." As the labels are to appeal to children 
they are sometimes read to a child and changed to the exact 
form of expression used by him in repeating the story. This 
accounts for the extreme, simplicity of some and for a repeti- 
tion of words, it having been found that perhaps but the one 
word, not any of its synonyms, conveys that one idea to a 
child. 

Children, for whom the models were made, are most en- 
thusiastic and enjoy them in process of making perhaps as 
much as in the finished product. Several have been built in 
the laboratory of the Museum, a basement room with win- 
dows opening into deep well-holes which are covered by iron 
gratings. Here the children would crowd in such numbers 
as to obscure the light. When sent away they compromised 
by having two remain on watch, these giving out information 
as if interpreting a pantomime to the others who grouped 
themselves "out of the light." Comment and instruction were 
freely intermixed. "She's wirin' him. Now she's makin' his 
face and hands. He ain't very pretty," was said of the 
Franciscan padre as he was being made, with "Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! 
Now she's puttin' him in the oven !" said in horrified tones 
as, the day being warm and the composition not drying suffi- 
ciently fast, the figure was baked a bit to hasten its comple- 
tion. A pretty girl made the courtesy and stood in position 
while the fair maiden of the Cavalier group was modeled. 
Then "standing room only" was purchased of those nearest 
the window by payments of candy, marbles, etc., the young- 
sters waiting on line for their turn. When the Dutch trading 
group was made and the dogs introduced, one lad bashfully 
said: — "You don't mind if I tell you? Those are a white 
man's dogs, and they would not like the Indians, so their ears 
would be down instead of up." Inquiry confirmed this and 
down went the ears. The making of the morion, or helmet, 
for the Spanish soldier was a poser. His costume was de- 
cided upon after much study, many trips to the invaluable 



12 children's museum, historical collection. 

library of the Long Island Historical Society and the trans- 
lation of paragraphs from foreign books, Spanish and Ger- 
man. The morion was finally made of thin pasteboard soaked 
in thick glue, formed over a block made of the maker's thumb, 
held in position until dry enough to remove and then baked 
in the oven. Children watched until the operation was 
finished. 

Historic objects about the Museum were first collected 
and put in one room in the year 1905, at which time the 
charts were prepared and the first model made. This was the 
Patroon's home, carried out in pasteboard, as an experiment, 
"To see if the children would be interested." The experi- 
ment was satisfactory, for the children gathered around "the 
playhouse" like bees. Now, however, they realize that the 
"model is history," and they scorn mention of its figures as 
"dolls." "Don't call them dolls," said a youth of about nine 
years of age. "They are models, not dolls. If they were 
just dolls do you suppose / would care for them? Some of 
that hair was made of cotton. I saw it done. How long do 
you suppose that a doll with cotton hair would last?" 

Children also are greatly interested in objects and pic- 
tures. The warming-pan, foot-stoves, lanterns, case of arms, 
tokens for use as money, the spinning wheel, etc., attract them. 
It would be difficult to say which gets the most of their at- 
tention. Some of the labels are known "by heart." the older 
children teaching them to the younger. A new exhibit causes 
much excitement. The children wish to "know everything 
about it," and put numerous questions. Then they bring their 
parents, teachers and members of their class. 

An invariable question is, "How soon'll that picture be 
in a lecture?" For lectures on history hold important posi- 
tion in the series which each season covers work of Museum 
departments. Last Election Day, Miss Mary Day Lee, the 
assistant curator, spoke four times on "When Old New York 
was Young," and on February 22, her talk on Washington 
was repeated seven times to accommodate 973 children. A 
lecture on Lincoln, given by Miss Gallup on February 12, at- 
tracted 726 children and was repeated six times. This, al- 
though there was a procession and many other things to 



HUDSON-FULTON IN HISTORY CLUB AND LIBRARY. 13 

tempt the little folks to remain away. All lectures are illus- 
trated by lantern slides, the set prepared for a lecture on the 
Museum's historical collection being frequently used by Miss 
Gallup in addresses explanatory of the Museum's work, given 
in other cities. 

Members of the City History Club assisted at the Lin- 
coln lecture. A chapter of this club, organized March 13, 
1907, under auspices of the Colonial Daughters of the 17th 
Century, meets at the Children's Museum during the winter, 
the place chosen because of its exhibit in local history. Last 
season it was directed by Howard C. Green, Instructor in the 
English Department of the College of the City of New York. 
There were three field trips, one to the Brooklyn Navy Yard 
and two to Manhattan. The Hudson-Fulton celebration was 
a frequent topic at the chapter's spring meetings. 

The Library is a valuable adjunct to the Historical Col- 
lection, being rich in works on American history. Its bulle- 
tins for important days are cleverly arranged to attract the 
child. There are bright pictures, bits of poetry, and the 
childhood of the famous person is dwelt upon. The bulletin 
has always its book list, or if, as at present, the subject be of 
sufficient importance, a bookshelf is set apart for reference 
volumes. The librarian, Miss Miriam S. Draper, made note 
that the call for special books began soon after the subject of 
the celebration was broached. Among those called for have 
been biographies of the two men, a history of Holland, of 
the Erie Canal and Dutch canals and origin and results of 
the Hague Conference ; biography of Chancellor Livingston, 
the friend of Fulton ; physics and mechanics in relation to 
steam, electric motors and boat building; Long Island, New 
York State and New England Indians, their costume, and 
wampum ; history of the occupation of this section of coun- 
try by the White race, especially that of the settlement and 
Revolutionary periods, history of the army, navy and flag, 
and books on the geography, geology, botany and zoology of 
this state. 

Surprise at the variety of interests brought up bv the 
celebration has been expressed by children and adults. 
Teachers have come for aid in preparing programmes and an 



14 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

historical play on New York history for school celebrations, 
and the demand has increased for poems on historical and 
patriotic topics. Those especially engaged in getting up 
Hudson-Fulton celebrations at the fifty educational centers 
of this city have made frequent use of both library and 
models. 

The writer, who planned the historical exhibit, designed 
its historical models and made the figures, and other parts 
of them, takes this opportunity to thank for their very gener- 
ous assistance in the work, the Curator-in-Chief of the 
Museums, the Curator of the Children's Museum, its Libra- 
rian, the staff, and also the staff of the Library of the Long 
Island Historical Society, and the many not connected with 
Museums or Library who have shown interest and given help 
just when needed. Mention should also be made of those 
whose work appears in the models. Herbert B. Judy, the 
Museum artist, painted the effective background for the 
French group; John Bender, the Museum cabinet-maker, 
carved the quaint porch for the Cavalier group ; much of 
the woodwork construction, especially that in the British 
groups, and a part of the modeling was by C. R. Luscombe, 
and the Indian group was modeled by Antonio Miranda. 

Agnes E. Bowen. 

At the entrance and in the halls are copies of this large 
direction card : 

HUDSON-FULTON. 

Exhibits of interest in connection with the HUDSOX- 
FULTON CELEBRATION are on view in even- exhibition 
room in this building. 

The Historical Collection (2d Floor) has been re-ar- 
ranged and increased. There will be found much about 
HUDSON. 

A Bulletin concerning Mechanical Engineers and Inven- 
tors is in the Hall (1st Floor). There will be found much 
about FULTON. 

In the Library (2d Floor) are a HUDSON-FULTON 
Bookshelf and Bulletins about the two men. 

LOOK FOR THESE SPECIAL EXHIBITS. 



HUDSON-FULTON BULLETINS :' "HISTORY " LABELS. 15 

The bulletin mentioned has pictures and text about Ful- 
ton, who is put in the center ; Franklin, Fitch, Stevens and 
Livingston, to whom he was indebted for the lessons of their 
successes and failures, and other men noted along this line of 
engineering. 

Near it is hung a frame containing pictures of Hudson 
and of Fulton, each with descriptive labels. 

The following (panel shaped) labels on "History" and 
on "American History," are set at either side of the entrance 
to the room in which the Historical Collection is installed. 

No. I. History. 

"History presents complete examples. Experience is 
doubly defective: we are born too late to see the beginning 
and we die too soon to see the end of many things. History 
supplies both of these defects : modern history shows the 
causes when experience presents the effects alone: and 
ancient history enables us to guess at the effects when ex- 
perience presents the causes alone." — Bolingbroke. 

No. II. American History. What to Learn from the 
History Exhibit. 

To us, "Citizens of the Commonwealth of New York, 
by the Grace of God, Free and Independent," according to the 
quaint legal wording, the date 1609, — when Henry Hudson 
passed and named Sandy Hook, anchored in Gravesend Bay 
and landed on Coney Island, thus bringing civilization and 
commerce that founded this commonwealth — seems most im- 
portant. It is one of the great world dates. It relates us to 
the history of civilization. 

As citizens of this commonwealth it is our duty to study 
its history and to gain intimate knowledge of the men and 
women through whose efforts it was made "Free and Inde- 
pendent." Though they sometimes erred — being but mor- 
tal — in the main they were brave men and sweet women of 
fine character, who, for the sake of freedom — for themselves 
and more especially for their children — endured the hard- 
ships of the pioneer and often gave up their lives. 



16 children's museum, historical collection. 

Let us honor them with the loyalty of loving children 
and pass on to our descendants a heritage bettered through 
our efforts. 

New York is but one of the many states composing our 
Union. All have great records. As citizens of these United 
States, therefore, let us so conduct ourselves that our country 
may be the better for our living and our flag be everywhere 
recognized as the emblem of a noble nation. 

Following is the inner entrance label : 



ORDER FOR STUDY OF HISTORY EXHIBIT. 17 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Order for Study of History Exhibit. 

SECTION I. EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS AND 
NAVIGATORS: AMERICAN INDIANS. 

SECTION II. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL 
PERIODS. 

SECTION III. THE SIX WARS. 

SECTION IV. NEW YORK STATE AND CITY. 

SECTION V. BROOKLYN AND LONG ISLAND. 



EUROPEAN HISTORY RELATED TO OURS. 19 



SECTION I. 

EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS AND NAVIGATORS: 
AMERICAN INDIANS. 

GENERAL LABEL. 

EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS AND NAVIGATORS I AMERICAN INDIANS. 

This section prepares the student for study of the White 
race on this Continent, and connects the history of the race 
here with that in Europe. The Indians, the brave, resource- 
ful Red race that they overcame, are typified in one model, 
but it must be remembered that the Red race was — and 
still is — divided into many nations. Of special interest to 
the people of this city and state is the model of "The Half 
Moon" (De Halve Maene), the Dutch ship commanded by 
Henry Hudson, the English navigator who discovered this 
harbor and the river named after him. 

(Class A) 

No. I. Dutch Type. Ship, "The Half Moon" (De Halve 
Maene). Label: 

This model represents a ship of the early part of the 
seventeenth century such as was used by Henry Hudson. 
The exact dimensions and rig of Hudson's ship are not 
known, but in a ship such as this Hudson sailed first to the 
sea about Spitzbergen, then to the coast of Newfoundland, 
thence to the entrance of Chesapeake Bay and then north to 
New York and up the Hudson River as far as Hudson. 
Small as this vessel is, in comparison with those of to-day, 
vessels of this type were yet able to reach a little beyond 80° 
North Latitude, and 300 years of work and the expenditure 
of much life and vast sums of money have only succeeded in 
attaining a few degrees farther north than did the Old Dutch 
Whalers. In comparison with modern steamships, it may be 
said that it would take seven vessels the size of the "Half 
Moon" to carry a day's supply of coal for an ocean liner; 



20 children's museum, historical collection. 

and that one modern steamship carries as much cargo as a 
fleet of 125 vessels of the size of the "Half Moon." The 
approximate length of the "Half Moon" was 75 feet; beam 
17 feet ; depth of hold 6 or 7 feet. 

(Class C) 

Chart 1 shows (Label), "Sovereigns of Europe 
who Sent Navigators on Voyages of Dis- 
covery to this Continent, with Names of 
Men First Commissioned." 
Detail of Chart 1: Center — (Map of the World with 
discoverers' routes drawn in blue). This map shows coun- 
tries in Europe from which came discoverers of and early 
white settlers in America. Note by what comparatively easy 
route Norsemen reached this coast. See how near are Alaska 
and Siberia. 

No. 1. 

Legend tells of a wonderful land west of Europe, dis- 
covered by St. Brendan or Bren-ainn (484-577), an Irish- 
man of royal lineage, in a second missionary voyage, taken in 
a vessel made of wicker and ox-hide. The first was to Ice- 
land. Articles drifting ashore at the Azores, now known to 
be from America, were all thought to come from St. Bren- 
dan's Land. The Spanish government sent many vessels in 
search of it, the last in 1741 . 

No. 2. (Picture of Viking.) 

Many centuries ago the Vikings sailed from Scandinavia 
to Greenland. In the year 1000, Leif, son of Eric the Red, 
sailed from Greenland, discovered our coast from Labrador 
to Point Judith, wintered near Boston, and returned in the 
Spring with a cargo of timber. 

About 1 170, Madoc, a Welsh prince, compelled by civil 
strife to leave home, sailed westward with a colony. It is 
thought they settled in the Mississippi valley. Madoc re- 
turned, equipped another expedition, and again sailed west- 
ward, but was never heard of thereafter. 



EUROPEAN HISTORY RELATED TO OURS. 21 

No. j. (Pictures of Ferdinand and Isabella and of Emanuel.) 
Spices, prized by Europeans, were brought from Asia. 
Henry the Navigator, of Portugal (1394-1450), thought it 
possible to sail eastward around Africa, and bring them by 
sea. In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain, sent Christo- 
pher Columbus sailing westward to find India — for people 
were beginning to believe that the world is round. These 
portraits of the sovereigns are from the originals by Ximeno 
Camaron, in the Royal Palace at Madrid. In 1497, in the 
reign of Emanuel of Portugal, Prince Henry's hope was real- 
ized, for then Vasco da Gama doubled the Cape of "Good 
Hope." Emanuel's picture is from the original in the Royal 
Palace at Lisbon. Painter unknown. 

No. 4. (Pictures of Henry VII and Maurice of Nassau.) 

England became interested in the new over-sea route. 
Henry VII gave permission to John Cabot, a naturalized 
Venetian, living in Bristol, to sail at the expense of English 
merchants. He went from Bristol in May, 1497, in a small 
vessel, with but eighteen persons in his company. On his 
discoveries England based her claim to North America. 
This picture of King Henry is from a painting at Kensington 
Palace. The Dutch, well supplied with capital, ships and 
mariners at the close of the war with Spain, made effort to 
find a western passage to the Indies. In 1609, the Dutch 
East India Company, then the greatest commercial corpora- 
tion in Europe, sent an expedition under Henry Hudson, an 
Englishman. Maurice of Nassau was then governor. The 
picture of him is by Miereveld. 

No. 5. (Picture of Francois I.) 

In 1524, Francois I, of France, sent Verrazzano to find 
a way to China. He explored our coast. By virtue of his 
discoveries the French claimed a great part of America. 
Picture by Titian. 

No. 6. (Picture of Queen Christina.) 

After the successful settlement of the Dutch in the New 
Netherlands, Usselinx, projector of the Dutch West India 



'.".' children's museum, historical collection. 

Company, submitted to Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, a 
scheme for the establishment of a similar commercial associa- 
tion in that kingdom. The act of incorporation was passed 
in 1(126, but the German War and the death of the kin,? com- 
pelled postponement of the plan until 1637, in the reign of 
Christina. Then Peter Minuit, former Director General of 
the Xew Netherlands, was commissioned to establish a colony, 
which he did in 1638, building Fort Christina near where 
Wilmington, Del., now stands. The picture is from the origi- 
nal in the Royal Palace, Sweden. 

A'o. 7. (Picture of Empress Catharine.) 

A favorite project with Peter the Great, of Russia, was 
to find out if Asia united with America at the northwest. 
Unable to accomplish this during his lifetime, he left instruc- 
tions, faithfully executed by Empress Catharine, who fitted 
out an expedition for this purpose and entrusted it to Captain 
Vitus Behring, a Danish navigator in the Russian service. 
He discovered Behring Strait in 1728. This picture of Cath- 
arine is from a noted one, by Lampe. 

Chart 2 shows (Label). "The Navigators, their Ships," 
and gives concise record of their lives. 
Detail of Chart 2: Center — (Map of America, showing- 
points at which discoverers touched, and chart of voyages of 
Columbus, Da Gama and Magellan). 

No. 1. (Picture of a Norse ship.) 

St. Brendan's ship was of wicker and ox-hide, in form 
like a hollowed log ; Madoc's ship was larger, but something 
of the same shape ; the Spanish ships were of slight construc- 
tion, but the Norse ships w r ere well made and handsome. A 
Viking ship was discovered in 1880, at Gokstad Sandefjord, 
Norway. 

No. 2. (Picture, Lief Ericson, from the statue by Miss A. 
Whitney, at Boston. Mass.) 
Lief Ericson. viking and explorer, was born in Green- 
land. Tie went to Norway in 998 and brought Christianity 
back with him. Tn the vear 1000 he sailed from Brattahlid, 



EUROPEAN HISTORY RELATED TO OURS. 23 

on the east coast, with a crew of 35 men, discovered this land 
and began settlement. Norse colonization ceased about 1012. 
In old story Lief is called, "a large man and strong, of noble 
aspect, prudent and moderate in all things." 

No. 3. (Pictures, the "Santa Maria," "Pinta" and "Nina." 
Photographed from the model caravels sent 
from Spain for the Columbian Exposition. The 
"Santa Maria," Columbus' flag ship, under full 
sail.) 
The Spanish Ships. 

No. 4. (Pictures of Columbus and Vespucius.) 

Christopher Columbus, Genoese navigator, commissioned 
by Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain, discovered America at 
San Salvador, W. I., October 12, 1492. He made four voy- 
ages, planted colonies, and died in Spain, May 30, 1506. 
This picture is from the authentic Thevet portrait. But the 
new world was named for Americus Vespucius, a Florentine, 
who was with an expedition to South America in 1499 and 
wrote so pleasantly of this and other voyages and of the new 
land he had seen, that Waldenseemuller, a German geogra- 
pher, suggested that the country be named for him. He died 
in 1512. This picture is from the portrait by Bronzino, 
painted from life, treasured by the Vespucci family, and com- 
mitted by them to C. Edwards Lester, United States Consul 
to Genoa, in 1845. 

A/0.5. (Picture of Vasco da Gama.) 

Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator, commissioned 
by Emanuel of Portugal. He sailed around Africa to India 
in 1497, thus accomplishing what Columbus and others at- 
tempted to do by crossing the Atlantic Ocean. He died in 
I5 2 4- 
No. 6. (Picture of Sebastian Cabot.) 

John Cabot or Zuan Caboto, a Venetian navigator, sailed 
under the English flag. He was engaged by Henry VII at 
the time of Columbus' discover}', and was immediately given 
letters authorizing him to take possession of any lands he 



24 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

might discover, for the English. He sailed from Bristol in 
1497, in a small vessel called "The Matthew," with but 
eighteen in his company. He landed at Cape Breton and was 
the first to touch the mainland, claiming it for England. 
He was lost on his second voyage, in 1498. His son, Sebas- 
tian Cabot, carried on his father's work, became a famous 
cartographer, held influential positions under the kings of 
Spain and England, and died in 1557. This picture is from 
the original in the possession of Charles Joseph Harford, of 
Bristol, England. 

No. 7. (Picture of Verrazzano.) 

Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine navigator, was 
sent out by Francois I, of France, in 1524. He explored the 
coast from North Carolina to Nova Scotia. French claims 
to America were founded upon his discoveries. Probably 
executed as a pirate in 1527. 

No. 8. (Picture of Hudson.) 

Henry Hudson, English navigator, commissioned by the 
Dutch to find the "Northwest Passage" to the "Spice Islands," 
discovered New York harbor, September 4, 1609, after sail- 
ing along the coast from July 2 of that year. He went up the 
river as far as Albany. His ship was called "The Half 
Moon." In 1610, he left England again to look for the 
"Northwest Passage." On that voyage he discovered Hud- 
son Strait and Hudson's Bay. Here the ships were frozen 
in for three months and after enduring many hardships the 
crew mutinied, bound Hudson, his son, and seven others, and 
set them adrift in a small boat. They were never heard of 
afterwards. 

No. p. (Picture of the Swedish ships.) 

Peter Minuit, born at Wesel-on-Rhine, went to Holland 
early in the seventeenth century, and was made Director Gen- 
eral of the New Netherlands, ably filling office from 1625 to 
1 63 1, when he was recalled. He offered his services to 
Sweden and through the influence of Chancellor Oxenstiern, 
a Swedish West India Company was formed and Minuit com- 



LONG ISLAND INDIANS SEEN BY HUDSON. 25 

missioned to take out a colony of Swedes and Finns in 1637. 
They landed in Delaware and built a fort near the site of 
Wilmington, calling it "Christina," from the Swedish sover- 
eign. The Dutch opposed their landing and finally captured 
the colony in 1655. 

No. 10. (No picture.) 

Vitus Behring (1680-1741), a Danish navigator, was 
employed by the Empress Catharine of Russia to explore the 
northwest coast of Alaska to find if it joined America. He 
started in 1725, crossed Siberia and spent three years at 
Okhotsk in preparing for the voyage. He discovered 
Behring Strait in 1728. On a later voyage, in 1740, he 
crossed the strait to America, but on the return trip the ship 
was wrecked and he was lost. 

(Class A) 

No. II. Indian Type. Scene, "A Gowanus 'Flat,' with 
its Indian Cornfield, and Indians in the 
Foreground getting Shellfish for Food 
and Wampum Making." Label: 

long island indians. 
Hudson sent men out in small boats to get fish while the 
"Half Moon" lay in the Lower Bay. It is supposed they 
landed on Coney Island. If so, Canarsie Indians first saw 
them. The Marechkawiecks, who inhabited Brooklyn, were 
of the Canarsie tribe which occupied Kings County and part 
of Jamaica. Other principal tribes were the Merric, Massa- 
pequa, Matinecock, Nissaquogue, Setauket, Corchaug, Man- 
hansett, Secatogue, Patchogue, Shinnecock and Montauk, the 
chief of the last being Grand Sachem. Villages retaining 
the names mark sites of tribal council fires. Massapequas 
fought the only notable battle between Indians and Whites. 
Their fort was taken and demolished by a force under Cap- 
tain John Underhill, in 1653. These tribes were of the Dela- 
ware or Lenni-Lenape branch of Algonkins and their lan- 
guage practically that of the New England Indians. All 
paid tribute to the Pequots, but after 1637 transferred this to 



26 children's MUSEUM, historical collection. 

the English, the only reason seeming to be that of superior 
power. War with the Narragansetts preventing payment, 
the New England Commissioners pressed the demand, and 
in 1656, the Montauk chief visited Boston to make terms. A 
dramatic story is that of the Indian uprising hereabout be- 
cause of the treachery of Governor Kieft, followed by a con- 
vention, held at Rechqua-aike or Rockaway, in 1643, on in- 
vitation of Penhawitz, the great Canarsie chief, at which the 
Dutch sued for peace. But, whatever happened, the Indians 
always lost in the end. November 3, 1699, the Governor of 
New York was acknowledged Chiefcst Sachem, by the Mon- 
tauk chief; by 1761 many of the tribes had disappeared; in 
1783 the Montauk tribe was reduced by an emigration to 
Oneida County, led by the Reverend Sampson Occum, an 
Indian, minister of the Presbyterian church. Now (1909) 
but few are left. Long Island Indians were brave, good 
fighters — their war canoes carried eighty men. Denton says 
they were "extraordinary charitable one to another," and 
courteous, "No man ever interrupting any person in his 
speech." They were still in THE STONE AGE. They 
made canoes, bows and arrows, rude vessels of earth, hard- 
ened bv fire, and wampum. Because of the possession of the 
latter they were traders, their tobacco pipes of copper coming 
from Michigan. Their favorite game was FOOTBALL. 
Fighting, hunting, fishing and wampum making were duties 
of men, all other tasks being performed by women. The 
model shows a Gowanus "flat," with its Indian cornfield and 
Indians in the foreground getting shellfish for food and for 
wampum making. 

WAMPUM OR SEA WANE. 

Wampum or seawane, made of shell beads, was used by 
American Indians as money, for ornament and on ceremonial 
occasions. Long Island was "the great aboriginal mint," its 
Indian name, "Seawanhackv," meaning "Island of Shells." 
Wampum was white or blue-black. According to Roger 
Williams it was obtained respectively from the stem of the 
periwinkle (meteauhaug) and the dark portion of the shell 
of the round clam (poquahaug) : beads were formed by chip- 



WAMPUM OR SEAWANE. 27 

ping suitable pieces, drilling a hole in the center of each chip, 
then rubbing on a flat stone until smooth. As ornament, 
worn by chiefs, their wives and daughters, it was a badge of 
distinction and the highest evidence of wealth and power. A 
band or "belt" was sent with all public messages : if returned, 
it meant rejection of the offer. Appropriate figures were 
sometimes worked into wampum as record of a transaction, 
the confederation of the Five Nations being thus chronicled. 
Wampum means white, from "wompi" in the Massachusetts 
dialect and "vvapi" in the Delaware. Originally the word 
was applied to white beads only, the black being "suckan- 
hock," from "suki" or "sacki," meaning black. "Peage " was 
the name of the substance from which the beads were made. 
As white beads were most common, "wampumpeage " came 
to be the common name for the money among the Whites, 
though the Indians retained the many definitions and there 
were some local names. The immense quantity of wampum 
manufactured here was shown in the enormous heaps of split 
shells, once frequent, especially at Rockaway, Canarsie, Ber- 
gen Island, and Gravesend, but long ago converted into fer- 
tilizer by thrifty farmers. Winthrop's "Journal," (1634) 
mentions the superior wampum made by Long Island Indians. 
Settlers used wampum as indispensable in domestic commerce. 
It became so scarce that the French manufactured some of 
porcelain beads, but the Indians would not accept the counter- 
feit. Its value was a frequent subject of legislation, the 
Dutch early putting the price of "good splendid seawan of 
Manhattan," as four for a stiver. Josselyn, who visited this 
country in 1638, called blue-black wampum the Indian's gold 
and the white his silver, adding, "King Philip, on his visit 
to Boston, had a coat and buskin set thick with these beads in 
pleasant wild works and a broad belt of the same. His ac- 
coutrements were valued at £20. The English merchant 
giveth them 10 to a fathom for their white and as much again 
for their blue beads." 

Specimens are shown of light and of dark wampum, each 
with an example of the shell from which most generally made 
and accompanied by special label, as follows : 



28 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

WAMPUM AND SHELLS OF PERIWINKLE AND WHELK. 

Wampum, made of white shell, was called the Indians' 
silver. Roger Williams and other early writers say it was 
obtained from the stem of the periwinkle, Littoritia littorea; 
Mayer, that the Indians used whelk shells, Fulgur carica and 
Sycotypus canaliculatus; other writers mention whelk and 
also other shells. It is probable that the Indians took whatever 
shell would best serve their purpose among the snails found 
in their vicinity. As the periwinkle is a well-known edible 
snail in the British Isles, Williams and the others probably 
classed all snails as periwinkles. Whelks, the largest coiled 
shells found north of Cape Hatteras, are especially abundant 
off the New Jersey coast and in Long Island Sound upon 
gravelly or sandy bottoms, at, or below, low-tide level. They 
grow to be six inches long. 

SUCKANHOCK AND THE SHELL OF THE ROUND CLAM. 

Suckanhock, made of the dark portion of the shell of 
the adult round clam or Quahaug (abbreviated from the In- 
dian name Poquahaug), was called the Indians' gold. Note 
how little blue-black color occurs. That is why Suckanhock 
was the more valuable form of Indian money. 

"The Round Clam, Quahaug, or Little-neck Clam, 
Venus mercenaria, is the common hard-shelled clam of the 
New York market, and the fishery in the Middle Atlantic 
States is worth $200,000 annually. The Indians made their 
purple wampum from its shell. The hard clam ranges from 
Yucatan to Nova Scotia, but is common only from the Caro- 
linas to Cape Cod. It is most abundant in shallow bays or 
estuaries where it lives below the level of low tide." 

Mayer, — "Sea-Shore Life." 

Among Long Island Indian relics are bowls and cooking 
utensils, ornaments, various implements for husbandry, and 
arrow heads. A bow with arrows (western Indian) has this 
label : 

"The bow and arrows together with quiver and bow- 
case were once owned and used by an Indian chief in Kansas. 
They were purchased from this Indian Chief by Major 
McElrov, commandant at Fort Ellsworth, Kansas, in 1867- 



INDIAN ARTICLES. 29 

68; and presented by him to Miss E. A. Braine, who gave 
them to the Children's Museum in 1901." 

An Indian pipe, from Owensboro, Kentucky, is thus de- 
scribed : 

"The earlier inhabitants of our country have left many 
objects of stone, clay and other materials which give us some 
information as to their skill in the arts. This pipe, a rare 
form, shows surprising cleverness in clay modelling and orna- 
mentation. Possibly the designer of the pipe intended to 
represent a canoe. This pipe was taken from a cave." 




D 



O 0/ 

— bC 

w as 

to a 



z 



x = 



S : 



Q 

< 

H 
r. 
IB 

2 
a. 



THE SIX GREAT TYPES. 31 



SECTION II. 

SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL PERIODS. 
GENERAL LABEL. 

SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL PERIODS. 

Nearly every nation of Europe was represented in the 
early settlers of America, but SIX GREAT TYPES formed 
permanent settlements here. These were from Spain. France, 
England, and the Netherlands. 

Three came from England :— the CAVALIER, that 
colonized in Virginia and southward ; the NEW ENGLAND, 
formed by the blending of the Pilgrims and the Puritans, and 
the "Quaker" or "Friend" that dominated Pennsylvania and 
adjacent sections. The Netherlanders, called the "DUTCH," 
laid the foundation of our own State, with first settlements 
on Manhattan Island, in our own City, and first landing at 
Gravesend, in our own borough. Colonies of these four 
types settled later in each other's territory, with consequent 
warfare, succeeded by friendly relations, and afterwards, by 
general British government. 

Earliest of the types to arrive was the Spanish. They 
and the French settled to the south, southwest and north. 
Between them and the first four mentioned there was fre- 
quent fighting, until their territory was purchased by the 
United States. 

(Class A) 

No. I. Spanish Type. Scene, "Priest and Soldier Plan 
a New Mission." Label: 
The SPANISH came in search of fabulous wealth. 
After many unsuccessful attempts at settlement in various 
parts of this country, St. Augustine, Florida, was founded 
in August, 1565, bv Pedro Menendez de Aviles. THIS 
WAS THE FIRST PERMANENT EUROPEAN SET- 
TLEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. The conquista- 



32 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

dores (conquerors) were horribly cruel and superstitious, 
after the manner of the time, but with them came the brothers 
of the missionary orders of the Roman Catholic church, full 
of zeal for the "saving of souls." So, hand in hand with the 
cruelty of the soldiers went the founding of missions among 
the Indians and many of the missionaries have left records 
of great kindness and piety, as well as of efficient leadership. 
In California and the Southwest are still to be found 
some of the mission buildings erected by the priests, who 
were mainly of the Franciscan order. The model shows a 
portion of the ambulatory of such a mission, opening upon a 
garden. The Franciscan, a man past middle life, is listening 
to the plan of an ardent young SPANISH soldier for found- 
ing another mission further up the coast of California. In 
the gravel path, with his sword, the soldier has just drawn 
a plan of the possible mission and of the route to be followed 
to reach the spot. He is clothed in the rich costume of the 
military of that time with the cape and fringed gloves, which 
he has thrown off during his conversation with the priest. 

No. II. French Type. Scene, "Jesuit Arrives at Mis- 
sion Station." Label: 

The French were among the earliest explorers here. 
Jacques Cartier discovered what is now known as the Domin- 
ion of Canada, in 1535, the first permanent settlement being 
Quebec, founded in 1608. Prominent personages in this 
new town were the "factor" of the fur company (which 
Parkman called "The owner and sovereign lord of all 
Canada"), the trader among the Indians, the soldier, and the 
Jesuit priest. The trader and the Jesuit are most typical of 
the French type. Knowing the forest and the Indian, they 
were practically leaders in the great expeditions to the interior 
and south of this continent sent out under French officers. 

The Jesuits ministered to the French in villages along 
the water courses, which were for years the only roads. 
There were also villages of Indian converts with whom the 
French lived amicably. A friendship was begun which later 
enabled the French to strike fearful blows upon the English 
settlers through their Indian allies. 



FRENCH AND CAVALIER. 33 

A Jesuit mission was established among the Hurons who 
occupied what is now a portion of Simcoe County, Ontario. 
The name "Huron" was given by the French. 

The priest was fearless in carrying religion to the In- 
dians, establishing missions among them undeterred by the 
miseries of life among savages that more often than not was 
terminated in torture and martyrdom. It is from their "Re- 
lations" of missionary experiences sent to the superior of the 
order in France that we get most of our present-day knowl- 
edge of the Indian of that time and this section of North 
America. 

Chief among the missionaries to the Hurons was Father 
Jogues, a courageous, refined, modest, scholarly and noble 
man. Captured by the Iroquois, he was brought by them 
from Lake St. Peter up the Richelieu River and Lake Cham- 
plain to Lake George and the Mohawk towns, being the first 
white man to see Lake George. He was rescued by the Dutch 
at Fort Orange and sent to France. Thence he returned to 
become a missionary to the Iroquois, and was killed by them 
October 18th, 1646. 

The model shows Father Jogues being rowed by one of 
the Huron converts toward a village hid at the edge of the 
wilderness. Just as the canoe rounds a point a French 
trader approaches through the forest and meets the mis- 
sionary. 

No. III. Cavalier Type ([a] British). Scene, "The 
Cavalier Comes to Call." Label: 
The CAVALIER came to found a state, and at James- 
town, Virginia, in 1607, "laid the foundation of the first 
permanent English colony in America." Early comers suf- 
fered hardships, but later arrivals, usually of the aristocratic 
class, brought retainers, servants, and ample household fur- 
nishings. The tobacco trade brought riches, and ships ply- 
ing in its interests between Virginian and European ports 
brought back the latest modes, and life was much the same 
as among the wealthy in the mother-country. There was 
much entertaining — house-parties, balls and routs — and mag- 
nificent costumes were worn. The upper classes were well 



34 children's museum, historical collectiox. 

educated, but very different ideas prevailed from those in 
New England. When Governor Berkelv heard some one al- 
lude to the free schools in New England, he said he "thanked 
God there was no such things in Virginia, nor any printing 
press, because too much education was apt to breed a sedi- 
tious spirit." 

The few houses left which were erected by the settlers of 
this type are models of comfort. They are mainly built nf 
red brick with broad porches, wide doors and windows, and 
within are halls which can easily accommodate two sets of 
square dances, and huge rooms each with its open fireplace. 
These houses were set in fine gardens and each had a stable 
full of thoroughbreds such as the gentleman in the model has 
been riding. The women were as good riders as the men 
for few roads in the early days were built for carriages, 
though many of these were imported, and one has evidently 
just been driven away from the door where the lady is stand- 
ing, as the mark of the wheels may be seen in the gravel. 

No. IV. Dutch Type. Scene, "Indians Selling Furs 
to Dutch Trader at Fort Orange (Al- 
bany) ." Label : 

The DUTCH came for trade in furs and through com- 
merce effected peaceful relations with the Indians. In 1614 
they built a trading-post called a fort, on Manhattan Island. 
which was practically their first settlement. In 1623 they 
had established posts as far north as Fort Orange, the present 
site of Albany, and as far south as Fort Nassau, near Phila- 
delphia. With the exception of a few "Patroons" the 
DUTCH were mainly "middle-class people," thrifty, intelli- 
gent, and tolerant of all creeds, so that, from the beginning, 
people from all parts of Europe came to Manhattan, whose 
trading-post soon grew into the city of New Amsterdam. It 
is said that by 1064. eighteen languages were spoken there. 
Unlike the English settlements, however, the DUTCH had no 
representative assembly, and there was no check upon the 
authority of the governor except through appeal to the home 
government. 



DUTCH AND NEW ENGLAND. 35 

A Trading Post was set in the wilderness. It was com- 
posed of a few houses, at first roughly built of logs (see 
model), then in more shapely form. Here lived the DUTCH 
trader and his family and others employed in the business. 
They had as many of the home comforts as could be brought 
in the small sloop or river boat of those days. These always 
included swine, for the DUTCH had to have sausages. The 
settlement was surrounded by a strong stockade built of logs, 
with gates of thick timbers fastened by heavy bolts and bars. 
Through these, Indians were admitted a few at a time. They 
were glad to trade valuable furs for steel hatchets, jackknives, 
and cheap trinkets, though sometimes they demanded pay- 
ment in their own form of money called "wampum." 

No. V. New England Type ([b] British). Scene, "The 
Minister Calls on the Family." Label: 

The New England, second of the English types, became 
distinctive late in the 17th century, when the ideas of Pilgrims 
and Puritans had been modified by place and circumstance 
and educated by that principle which immortalizes the name 
of Roger Williams, "The civil power has no jurisdiction 
over the conscience." For the Pilgrims (the pioneers of this 
type, who landed on Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, in 1620) 
came here for "Freedom to worship God," but brought from 
the old country a belief in the union of state and church which 
led them to prosecute those whose religion differed. They 
were of Non-Conformist, or Congregational creed, each group 
of settlers forming a congregation, whose minister was an 
important personage in town councils and a leader of his peo- 
ple. The colonists were mainly of English stock, though 
there was a mixture of the other British nationalities. They 
were thrifty and prosperous, but more aggressive than the 
Quakers, and suffered because of frequent warfare with the 
Indians. Dwellers on the coast, they were a hardy, sea-going 
people who achieved wealth through commerce with foreign 
countries and inland trade at home. 

Some of the comforts obtained through commerce may 
be observed in this scene, whose setting presents the parlor 
of a typical New England home about 1750, the room and 



36 children's MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

furnishings modeled from actual objects and the costumes 
from old paintings. The wall paper, however, "in Chinese 
style," then much the fashion, — is a genuine antique dating 
to about the time of the model. Elegance of finish charac- 
terizes the carved mantel, wainscot and other "trim," the 
"beaufet" in the corner being the favorite form of cupboard 
for the display of fine china and silver. The china is 
"Lowestoft" often called "Loffester ware" in old wills and 
inventories. Though bearing the name of an English town, 
it was made in China, and was a delicate porcelain of blue- 
white body with decorations in color. The mahogany furni- 
ture and mirror frames are Chippendale from England, and 
candlesticks and snuffers probably came from there. The 
tea table was known as the "pie crust table" because of its 
circular shape and the incut of the surrounding molding. The 
green chairs are the famed Windsor make. On the back of 
one hangs a turkey-tail feather handscreen with which My 
Lady protects her face when sitting before the fire. And- 
irons, shovel and tongs were forged by the local smith. The 
bellows, with its theorem painting decoration, was brought 
from France. The green candle was made of wax from the 
bayberry and gave forth delicate perfume when burning. 
Candles were made at home and the fine linen napkins were 
spun and woven by My Lady. 

The scene shows an afternoon call from the minister ; 
and the family assembled to meet him. His broadbrim hat 
and heavy cane have been left in the entry outside the door. 
Bohea tea has been brewed in his honor and sponge cake cut 
that is made after the recipe used in families of quality in 
New England, beginning: "Take the weight of ten eggs in 
flour." The buttonholes on the gentleman's coat have prob- 
ably been the subject of much discussion between him and 
his tailor. In all orders sent to England for clothes, men of 
that time, Washington particularly, specified with much ex- 
actness their desire as to buttonholes. The tiny white ruffle 
in the neck of My Lady's gown is a "tucker." The name 
comes down to us in the saying "best bib and tucker." The 
son is aiding the baby daughter to walk by means of "lead- 
ing strings," often beautifully embroidered by fond mothers. 



THE QUAKER QUILTING-BEE. 37 

No. VI. Quaker Type ([c] British). Scene, "A 
Quaker 'Quilting-bee.' " Label : 

The "Quakers" or "Friends," third of the English types, 
desiring freedom in religion, came here among early Massa- 
chusetts Colonists. Persecution from the Puritans drove 
them elsewhere, numerous groups finding refuge on Long 
Island and the mainland in this vicinity. Under William 
Penn, Quakers founded the independent colony of Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia, its first city, being organized in 1683. 
Just and honorable in their treatment of all, the Quakers lived 
at peace with Indians and white neighbors, and prospered 
mightily, until "As thrifty as a Quaker" became a proverb, 
and the name "Quaker," first given in derision, was highly 
respected. The Quaker costume was adopted about 1800. 
Before then it differed little in cut and color from the pre- 
vailing fashion, though characterized by absence of ornaments 
and richness of material. 

A Group of Quakers at a "Quilting-bee" is shown in the 
model. This was an enjoyable occasion especially when as 
here, a "narne quilt" was made for a bride's "setting out," 
each square the gift of a friend and marked with that friend's 
name and date. Experienced hands "set up" the quilt cover. 
Lining and wadding were evenly stretched upon the frame 
and the quilting pattern drawn. Sometimes four quilts set 
up in a long kitchen were finished at a "bee." The stitching 
was done with linen thread spun upon the small wheel stand- 
ing near the fireplace. At the date of this model, about 1800, 
there was no spool cotton. The women came early in the 
afternoon to sew. There was much rivalry among the girls, 
for she who put the last stitch in a quilt was promised an 
early marriage. The men came to the bountiful supper pre- 
pared over a fire of logs, cooking utensils being hung from 
the crane by pot-hooks and trammels, or stood on high feet 
over the coals. Filling the wood-box was the work of the 
children of the house. Cupboards over the mantel held small 
kitchen conveniences and always a pot of bear's grease or 
neat's-foot oil for softening the heavy leather shoes worn 
bv the men. 



38 children's museum, historical collection. 

In this scene the last quilt is nearly finished, when Friend 
Richard, the owner of the house, ushers in the first of the 
men guests, saying to his wife, the woman in gray, "Hannah ! 
Friend John has brought thee a basket of his fine pippins. 
Has thee most finished thy stent? It is getting late. The 
other men folk will soon arrive." Hannah says, "Thank thee, 
John. Thee and, thy apples are most welcome! Anna, thee 
may take the basket. Yes, Richard. Just a few more 
stitches. We think Sarah will put in the last stitches. 
Friend Elizabeth will take my needle while I help about the 
supper. Until it is ready thee will have to entertain the men 
folk in the fore room. Tell them our bake-kettle never made 
better biscuit, and as for our apple-sauce and pies — !" 

(Class B) 

No. I. Skirt. Label: 

This skirt was worn at the court of James II, by Hannah 
Borland, the mother of Dr. J. L. Borland, Surgeon in the 
British Army, 1812. Dr. Borland finally settled at Somer- 
set, Massachusetts, and this skirt was left to the only surviv- 
ing heir, Joseph S. Borland, who died at the American House, 
Boston, Massachusetts, in June, 1870. 

No. II. Foot-Stove. Label: 

The foot-stove was an arrangement for keeping the feet 
warm in cold weather. Inside the stove is a pan for holding 
live coals in a bed of ashes. Ladies formerly carried foot- 
stoves to church in cold weather. 

No. III. Warming-Pan. Label: 

In olden times a warming-pan containing live coals was 
used in winter time to warm the inside of a bed. 

Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Gifts of Newton H. Chittenden. 
No. IV. Fire-Tongs. Label: 

When houses were heated by means of open fires tongs 
were used to help move the blazing sticks and hot coals. 



LANTERNS, LOCKS AND LATCHES. 39 

No. V. Lanterns. Label: 

In olden times lanterns were frequently made of tin 
thickly perforated with holes and lighted by means of a can- 
dle held in a socket. 

The tin covering was a partial protection against wind 
and rain, while the holes allowed the flickering candle flame 
to shine through and light up the pathway. 

Lanterns have been also made from other substances 
such as horn, talc, mica, oiled fabrics, paper and glass. 

No. VI. Lock. Label: 

Locks of various kinds have existed from very ancient 
days. 

The Egyptians, Hebrews and Oriental nations had locks 
and keys of ponderous size. 

The chief parts of a lock are the bolt, or part that locks, 
and the staple, or part into which the bolt locks when turned 
by the key. 

Until the beginning of the last century the only lock 
generally employed was the "warded" lock. "Wards" are 
pieces of metal in the lock which fit into grooves in the key 
and prevent the lock from being opened except by its own 
proper key. 

The origin of warded locks is not known, but it is un- 
doubtedly of early date. A century ago they were considered 
very safe and were made in most complicated and ingenious 
forms. 

See "Young People's Encyclopaedia of Common Things," 
pages 443, 444; "Inventions of the Century" — Doolittle, pages 
420-427. 

No. VII. Door Latch, from a Church, New Marlbor- 
ough, Massachusetts. Label : 

This is an example of a "Thumb-latch." A lifter pass- 
ing through the door raises the latch. This lifter is made to 
move from the outside of the door by pressing upon the 
broadened end of it with the thumb. 

Door knobs have now taken the place of door latches in 
many parts of our country. 



40 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

No. VIII. Hand Reel. 

No. IX. Wooden Bit-Stock. Gift of James Leffingwell, 
New Marlborough, Massachusetts. Label : 
The bit-stock is a handle or brace for holding and turn- 
ing a bit. The bit is a tool used for boring holes in wood. 

No. X. Sheep-Shears. Label: 

Used for cutting off the wool of sheep. The blades of 
the shears form the two ends of a steel bow, by the elasticity 
of which they open as often as pressed together by the hand 
in cutting. 

No. XI. Spinning Wheel. Label: 

A machine for spinning wool, cotton, or flax into thread 
by hand. It consists of a wheel, band and spindle, and is 
driven by foot or by hand. Before the introduction of ma- 
chinery there were two kinds of spinning wheels in common 
use; the large wheel for spinning wool and cotton, and the 
small or Saxon wheel for spinning flax. 

No. XII. Fire Bucket. Label : 

From the days of Washington until the beginning of the 
19th century, the law required every householder to be a fire- 
man and to own at least one leathern fire bucket inscribed with 
his name. 

When the church bells rang the alarm of fire each man 
seized his bucket and set off for the fire. Some joined the 
line that stretched away to the water, and helped to pass the 
full buckets to those who stood by the fire. Others took posts 
in a second line, down which the empty buckets were has- 
tened to the pump. The house would often be half consumed 
when the shouting made known that the engine had come. 

For picture of fire engine of 1800 see "School History of 
U. S.," McMaster — page 181. 

No. XIII. Sickle. Label : 

An instrument used for cutting grass, grain, or weeds. 
Some sickles have the inner edge toothed like a saw, others 
have a smooth blade. 



HISTORICAL PICTURES. 41 

In reaping, the harvester takes as much of the grain as 
he can hold in the left hand, and then cuts off the stalks as 
close to the ground as possible with the sickle which is held 
in the right hand. When a sufficient quantity of grain has 
been cut it is tied up by means of a band of twisted straw 
and made into a sheaf. 

The sickle is the oldest of reaping instruments and is 
still used to gather crops in certain localities. 

The Romans used it not only as a farmer's tool, but also 
as a weapon of war. 

(Class C) 

No. I. Harlow House, Plymouth, Massachusetts, 
Built 1660. 

No. II. Standish House, Duxbury, Massachusetts, 
Built by Alexander Standish, Son of Cap- 
tain Myles Standish. 

No. III. AldEn House, Duxbury, Massachusetts, Home 
of John and PRiscilla (Mullin) Alden. A 
Descendant of the Eighth Generation is 
Standing in the Yard. 

No. IV. Photographs (3) of Historical Type Rooms in 
# the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachu- 
setts. Gift of George Francis Dow. 

No. V. Benjamin Franklin (Fur Collar Portrait) 
from Painting by J. S. Duplessis (a French 
artist), now in the Philadelphia Academy 
of Fine Arts. Engraved by W. F. Bather. 
Gift of W. F. Bather. 

No. VI. "Lady Washington's Reception," by D. Hunt- 
ington, P. N. A. (an American Artist), 
with Key. 




MYI.KS STANDISH. ABOUT L622. 
For description see page 1(>. 



THE SIX WARS : OUR POLICY OF PEACE. 43 



SECTION III. 

THE SIX WARS. 
Section III ij placed in wall cases, or hung (pictures) 
upon the wall, grouped in chronological order. 

GENERAL LABEL. 

THE SIX WARS. 

The people of the United States have engaged in SIX 
WARS. As Colonists we fought the FRENCH AND IN- 
DIAN (1689-1760), a long and brutal series of fights be- 
tween British and French colonists and their Indian allies, 
arising from questions of boundary rights. In the REVO- 
LUTION (1775- 1 781) we separated ourselves from Great 
Britain and became THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. The WAR OF 1812 (1812-1815) forced Great 
Britain to abandon a so-called "Right of Search" of our ves- 
sels and to remove restrictions against our commerce. The 
MEXICAN WAR ( 1846-1848) arose from another boundary 
question — between the United States and Mexico. The 
CIVIL WAR (1861-1865) involved the question of "State 
Rights" in form of "The Slavery Question." The SPANISH 
WAR (1898) was undertaken in defense of the application 
of the Monroe Doctrine to conditions prevailing in Cuba. 

In addition, our army has distinguished itself in Indian 
fighting, and our navy in suppression of piracy and in the 
Boxer Outbreak in China. "Both arms of the service" have 
made and are making records that thrill us because of the 
bravery, efficiency and nobility of character manifested in 
them. 

Though our history tells of so many fierce conflicts, the 
spirit of our people is peaceful. Our influence has been for 
the promotion of peace. Edward Everett Hale speaks for 
the most of us in saying, when telling of the justice of our 
war with Spain, "This Nation never wishes to make war. 
Our whole policy is a policy of peace, and peace is the pro- 



•1 ! children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

tection of the * * * civilization to which we are pledged." 
Case No. i contains pictures of the Presidents, a series 
representing the history of the flag, and models of our fight- 
ing men and their environment at critical periods. There 
are three general labels in this case. 

No. I. Army and Navy (large over label). 

"The reason the world honors the soldier is because he 
holds his life at the service of the state." — Ruskin. 

"Every history of our navy claims attention first of all 
as a hero story." — Spears. 

No. II. Army and Navy. 

Military organizations, many of them still in existence, 
formed the nucleus of the NATIONAL ARMY, created by 
the Continental Congress, June 15, 1776, with George Wash- 
ington, of Virginia, then 43 years old, as Major-General and 
Commander-in-Chief. He took command on July 3, the day 
before the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE was 
adopted. This declaration changed the name of The United 
Colonies of America, to THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA. "The first stroke afloat for American liberty" 
was the destruction of the British war schooner, "Gaspe;" 
near Providence, Rhode Island, June 10, 1772. The first 
NAVY ships were 13 frigates, ordered December 13, 1775, 
and on December 22 of that year, Esek Hopkins, of Rhode 
Island, was commissioned as Commander-in-Chief of the 
Fleet. He was called Commodore, or sometimes Admiral. 
After the Revolution both army and navy were virtually dis- 
banded, though a thousand troops were retained. The pres- 
ent United States Navy dates from an act of Congress, April 
30, 1798, establishing a Navy Department. By Article II, 
Section 2, of the CONSTITUTION, which went into opera- 
tion on March 4, 1789, the PRESIDENT was made COM- 
MANDER-IN-CHIEF of the ARMY and NAVY. 

No. III. (Without headline.) 

"No matter what happens to you, no matter who flatters 
you or who abuses you, never look at another flag, never let 
a night pass but that you pray God to bless that flag. .Re- 



PRESIDENTS. — THE FLAG. — WAR MODELS. 45 

member * * * that behind all these men you have to do 
with, behind officers, and government, and people even, there 
is the Country herself, your country, and that you belong to 
Her as you belong to your own mother. Stand by Her as you 
would stand by your mother." — Edward Everett Hale, "The 
Man Without A Country." 

Cabinet size photographs of the Presidents, mounted on 
framed labels which announce in condensed form the im- 
portant events of each administration, are placed in line across 
the top of the case, with base label, in large type, "THE 
PRESIDENT IS THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF 
THE ARMY AND NAVY." The label accompanying the 
picture of George Washington is presented as an example of 
the presidential series, although it is two lines longer than 
the others : 

George Washington (I) 

Two Terms : 1789-1797. 
Chief Events. 
Creation of Departments of State, Treasury, War, 
Attorney-General (Justice). Money matters put 
on firm basis. Admission of Vermont, Kentucky and 
Tennessee. 1st 10 Amendments to Constitution. In- 
vention of cotton-gin. Seat of government removed 
from New York to Philadelphia. 

Beneath the photographs is a line series showing the 
history of our flag in pictures and miniature flags. This ex- 
hibit is unfinished. 

Models will complete this case. Subjects selected for 
presentation are: "Myles Standish, the First Commissioned 
Military Officer in New England" ; "A Frontiersman, Am- 
bushed, Shooting an Indian," as typifying the French and 
Indian Wars; "Meeting of Washington and John Paul Jones 
at Headquarters, Cambridge, Massachusetts" (The Revolu- 
tion) ; "The Dey Signing the Treaty" (Naval Wars with 
France and the Barbary States) ; "The Deck of the 'Constitu- 
tion' " when in battle (War of 1812) ; "Storming of Palo 
Alto," showing field artillery (Mexican War) ; "Cavalry in 
the Western Mountains" (Indian Wars) ; "Council of War" 
(Civil War) ; "On Board the Olympia at Manilla" (Spanish 



46 children's museum, historical collection. 

War). Of these the first three have been finished. Their 
labels arc : 

MYLES STANDISH. 

"The first commissioned military officer in New Eng- 
land." was small of stature but of fiery temper and spirit. 
Born in England about 1584, he was with the army in Flan- 
ders, became captain, and when about 36 years old. came here 
with the Pilgrims, and for the remainder of bis life had 
charge of the military affairs of the colony, never having more 
than 16 men under his command and often but 10. He sub- 
dued and then made friends with the Indians, explored the 
country about Plymouth, and acted as treasurer and magis- 
trate. When he died, at Duxbury. Mass.. ( >ctober 3, 1656, 
the hamlet of 7 huts which he had helped to build had in- 
creased to 8 towns with a population of 8 000, a common- 
school system was established, and Harvard University 
founded. 

In the model's background is seen the fort and first meet- 
ing house, on Burial Hill. Plymouth. On the roof are 
mounted "Minion" and 3 other small cannon from the "May- 
flower." Standish's costume is that worn by the English cap- 
tain of the period. 

French and Indian Wars, 1689-17'w 1 
Questions of boundary rights brought on a series of 
brutal wars between the English and French on this continent. 
They were called by different names, as. KING WILLIAM'S 
WAR (1689), QUEEN ANNE'S WAR (1702), KING 
GEORGE'S WAR (1774), "THE OLD FRENCH W \R" 
(1755) and PONTIAC'S WAR (1763). The Iroquois were 
allies of the English and the Algonkins of the French. Al- 
gonkins struck the first blow of the first war at Dover, N. 1 1., 
when for the first time English captives were sold to the 
French. War closed by treaty with the Indians at Pejepscot, 
Maine, after all but 3 of the Maine settlements were destroyed. 
The second war involved South Carolina and New England. 
increasing English territory at the South. It was closed by 
the PEACE OF UTRECHT (1713). which surrendered 



THE FRONTIERSMAN. 47 

Acadia to England. The principal event of the third war 
was the capture of Louisburg, which was returned to France 
by the TREATY OF AIX LA CHAPELLE (1749) • These 
treaties did not define English and French boundaries in 
America and the Indian was entirely overlooked. "You and 
the French." said one to an Englishman, "are like the two 
edges of a pair of shears, and we are the cloth which is cut 
to pieces between them." To gain Indian trade and induce 
English settlement, the OHIO COMPANY was formed in 
1749. The French then fortified Presque Isle (Erie, Pa.). 
In 1749. Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent a message 
demanding their removal from English soil, by his adjutant- 
general, GEORGE WASHINGTON, age 21 years. In 1754 
the French built Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg) and occupied the 
entire Mississippi valley. In the following (fourth) war oc- 
curred "Braddock's Defeat," the expulsion of the neutral 
French from Acadia, great battles in northern New York, 
Quebec and Montreal (1760), after which Canada and its 
dependencies was surrendered to the British. The last war 
involved gallant fighting on the lakes as well as on land. 

An English frontiersman is chosen as typical of this 
stormy period. He wears the usual hunting costume — an old 
felt hat turned up at one side, deer-skin hunting shirt, trow- 
sers and leggings ; cartouche-box, canteen, hunting-knife, and 
flintlock gun. Sometimes the shirt was of heavy linen. 
This was the uniform chosen by the nth Virginia Riflemen 
at the beginning of the Revolution, and, on advice of WASH- 
INGTON, was that first adopted for the army, the linen 
hunting shirt being "steeped in a dye vat until it was the color 
of a dead leaf." 

The Revolution, 1775-1781. 
Various acts of oppression, including the STAMP ACT, 
the TAX ON TEA, and the BOSTON PORT BILL, led the 
Colonists to revolt from British rule. Beginning with RE- 
SISTANCE to the GENERAL SEARCH WARRANT, in 
1761, the history of the REVOLUTION may be divided into 
four periods. The first culminates in "The Boston Tea- 
party," December 16, 1773. The second opens in June, 1774, 



is children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

when Massachusetts began to nullify the acts of Parliament 
of April, that year, and closes with the DECLARATION OF 
INDEPENDENCE, July 4, 1776. The third covers the 
struggle for the State of New York, and closes in the SUR- 
RENDER OF BURGOYNE, at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 
In the fourth, France sends aid, CORNWALLIS SURREN- 
DERS at Yorktown, Virginia, and by treaty, signed at Paris, 
France, September 3, 1783, GREAT BRITAIN AC- 
KNOWLEDGES THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

From its outbreak, April 19, 1776 (the Battle of Lex- 
ington), to the virtual disbanding of the army, April 19, 1783, 
the Revolution lasted eight years, to a day. 

Our ARMY and NAVY were created at the beginning 
of this war by the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, with 
George Washington, of Virginia, as Commander-in-Chief of 
the one, and Esek Hopkins, of Rhode Island ( 1775). as 
Commander-in-Chief of the other. The model presents 
the meeting of Washington and John Paul Jones at Head- 
quarters, in the old Vassall House, at Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, in 1776. The Aide-de-camp is John Trumbull, of Con- 
necticut, a son of "Brother Jonathan," and afterwards the 
famous historical painter. Washington and Jones are 
modeled from the C. W. Peale portraits, and Trumbull from a 
portrait which he painted from his reflection in a mirror. 
Washington is costumed as he appeared when taking com- 
mand at Cambridge. There was political significance in the 
blue and buff. Worn by the soldiers of William of Orange 
when they invaded Ireland in 1689, this Holland insignia 
became that of the English Whigs, who were the champions 
for Constitutional Liberty, and was adopted by the American 
Whigs. It was worn by soldiers of the New York and New 
Jersey "line," therefore by members of the regiment made 
up of Long Island Militia which fought under Gen. Nathaniel 
Woodhull at the Battle of Long Island. Blue, red or white, 
in facings and "underclothes" was used to distinguish troops 
from other sections. The Naval uniform was adopted Sep- 
tember 5, 1776. 



MILITARY AND NAVAL OBJECTS. 49 

Case No. 2 contains military and naval objects and 
several pictures of Fortress Monroe that show heavy artillery. 

(Class B) 

French and Indian Wars, 1689- 1760. 
No. I. Flint-Lock Musket. Gift of Hannah E. Win- 
ters. Labels : 
Brought to America about the year 1690, and supposed 
to have been used in the Revolutionary War and War of 1812. 

The Flint-Lock. 

In olden times all kinds of guns and pistols had flint- 
locks made of a flint fastened tightly in the hammer and a 
piece of steel on which it struck fire when the trigger was 
pulled. The sparks were caught in some gunpowder in a 
little hollow iron pan on the side of the gun barrel, into which 
the touch-hole opened and the powder inside the barrel was 
thus fired. 

Flint-lock muskets are supposed to have been of Spanish 
origin. In one form or another they remained in use in the 
British Army till 1840. 

No. II. Flint. Label: 

A kind of quartz rock which may easily be split into 
pieces having very sharp edges. For this reason it was much 
prized by the Indians who made knives, axes, spear-heads and 
arrow-heads out of it. 

Before lucifer matches were known a piece of flint and 
steel were used to strike fire, the spark being caught in tinder 
and blown into a blaze. 

Also used for striking fire in flint-lock muskets and pis- 
tols. 

No. III. Powder-Horn. 

Revolution, 1 775-1 781. 
No. IV. Holsters. Label: 

These are leathern cases for holding pistols. Horsemen 
or cavalrymen formerly carried holsters attached to the sad- 



50 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

die, one on each side of the pommel. Occasionally they are 
still carried in this way, but they are more commonly worn 
on the belt. 

These holsters, which will carry pistols a foot and a half 
long, were found at the time of the destruction of the Snedi- 
ker homestead, which was situated on the Jamaica Plank- 
Road. This house was two hundred and fifty years old and 
was supposed to be the oldest house on Long Island. 

No. V. Sword. Gift of Richard B. Harned, Jr. Label: 
This sword was found by Mr. Harned in Curry's Woods, 
Greenville, Hudson County, New Jersey, in 1875. It was 
thrust into the ground, the hilt only showing. 

No. VI. Piece of Oak Beam. From Washington's 
Headquarters, Franklin Square, Manhat- 
tan Borough, New York. 

War of 1812. 1812-1815. 
No. VII. Wood from Perry's Flagship, ''Lawrence." 
Gift of C. F. Laurie. 

No. VIII. Spike from Perry's Flagship, "Lawrence." 
Gift of C. F. Laurie. 

No. IX. Piece of Oak Beam from British Frigate 
"Macedonian." Gift of Col. William C. 
Booth. Label : 
This piece of English Oak was a part of the Rudder- 
Post of the British Frigate "Macedonian," Captain John Gar- 
den, which surrendered after a four-hour engagement with 
the United States ship, "United States," Captain Stephen De- 
catur, October 25, 1812. The "Macedonian" was broken up 
in the Norfolk, Virginia, Navy Yard, in 1833, by order of the 
Secretary of the Navy, Mahlon Dickinson. 

Mexican War, 1846-1848. 
No. X. Sabre. 



MILITARY AND NAVAL OBJECTS. 51 

l8 5 0. 

No. XI. Naval Cutlass. Gift of Sergeant David Ar- 
venus. Label : 
This Cutlass, marked C. Jurmann, 1850, was found 
under an old carpenter shop in Glendale, Long Island, in 1884, 
by Sergeant Arvenus. 

Civil War, 1861-1865. 
(Class A) 
No. I. Model of the First Monitor. Label: 

The Monitor was the first successful iron clad in the 
history of the United States Navy. It was built at Green- 
point, Long Island, under the direction of John Ericson, was 
launched on January 30th, 1862, and on March 6th, 1862. 
under the command of Lieutenant John L. Worden, started 
for Hampton Roads, Va., where it arrived on the night of 
March 8th. On Sunday, the Monitor engaged the con- 
federate iron clad Merrimac in an indecisive battle lasting 
several hours, the Merrimac finally withdrawing up the 
Elizabeth River. This engagement was one of the most 
important in the naval history of the world, proving the 
value of armored vessels, and the relative uselessness of the 
old style wooden warships. On December 31st, 1862, the 
Monitor sank in a gale while on her way to Beaufort, North 
Carolina. 

(Class B) 

No. XII. John Brown's Pike. Gift of William A. M. 
Grier. Label : 
Pike made by the followers of JOHN BROWN. Used 
by him in his raid on Harper's Ferry, October 10, 1859. 

No. XIII. Canteen, Marked "I, 3' Art'y, 13." 

No. XIV. Falchion Sabre, Commonly Called "Artil- 
lery Sword," with (a) Sheath and (b) 
Belt. (Federal.) 



52 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

No. XV. Artillery Sabre. (Confederate.) 

No. XVI. Boarding Cutlass. (Man-o'-War.) 

No. XVII. Sword and (a) Belt. 

No. XVIII. Rifle of the Springfield Pattern. Gift of 
Lieutenant James A. Bills, September 17. 
1865. Label: 

This rifle was carried by one of the members of the 1 30th 
Regiment, New York Volunteers, Infantry, when that regi- 
ment entered Richmond, Virginia, on the morning of April 
3rd, 1865. 

Richmond, Virginia, was the capital of the Confederate 
States of America, during the War of the Rebellion, from 
1861-1865. 

The 139th Regiment, New York Volunteers, was the first 
regiment that entered Richmond, Virginia, after its evacua- 
tion by the Confederates during the night of April 2nd, 1865. 

No. XIX. Bullets from Springfield Rifle, Dug out of 
a Tree at Gettysburg in 1867. 

No. XX. Springfield Musket Bayonet, Gift of Captain 
David Petty. Bayonet Sheath, Gift of 
John C. Atwater, Jr. 

Bayonet. 

The bayonet, named from Bayonne, France, where bayo- 
nets are said to have been first made about 1640, is a steel 
pike or sword which can be fastened on the end of a gun. 
There are several kinds of bayonets, such as 

1. The Common Bayonet, or straight three-cornered pike 

2. The Sword Bayonet. 

3. The Trowel Bayonet. 

The trowel bayonet is still used for digging trenches and 
pits for the protection of riflemen. 

No. XXI. Carbine, No. 19332. Gift of Lieutenant 
David F. BealE. Label: 



MILITARY AND NAVAL OBJECTS. 53 

This Carbine was made by the C. Sharp's Rifle Manu- 
facturing Company, Hartford, Connecticut. It was found on 
the battlefield of Williamsburg, Virginia. 

No. XXII. United States Artillery Carbine. General 
Label, The Carbine. 

The carbine is a short rifle especially adapted to mounted 
troops. 

All rifles have little channels or grooves cut on the inside 
of the barrel. These grooves do not run straight from one 
end of the barrel to the other, but twist around the barrel, 
usually once in its length. When the gun is fired the ball 
must follow the grooves in passing out of the barrel, and this 
gives it a twist which makes it turn around very fast after 
leaving the barrel, and always in the same way on the princi- 
ple of a spinning top. 

The old kinds of guns had smooth bores. These would 
not shoot a ball very far nor very straight, and in time it 
was found out that guns could be made to shoot truer and 
farther if the barrels were grooved. 

Both small arms and cannon are now grooved or rifled. 
The rifling of small arms has been done for over three hun- 
dred years, but rifles did not take the place of muskets till 
late years. 

(Class C) 

Three Pictures of Fortress Monroe, Showing (a) Exte- 
rior and (b) Interior Views and (c) Trophy Guns. 

Spanish War, 1898. 
No. XXIII. Spanish Machete. Label: 

The "machete" is a large, heavy knife resembling a 
broadsword and is often two or three feet in length. 

It is used by the inhabitants of Spanish-America as a 
hatchet with which to cut their way through thickets, and is 
also used as a weapon in fighting. 

Made by Warden & Hotchkiss, Birmingham. It was 
purchased in New York by David H. Wintress, the blind 



54 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

veteran of Company G, 139th Regiment, New York Volun- 
teers Infantry, June 19th, 1885. 

No. XXIV. io-Pound Shell, from the United States 
Arsenal at Iona Island. Gift of K. Thur- 
woske. 

(Class C) 

Army. 

French and Indian Wars, 1689- 1760. 

No. I. Fall of Braddock. 

No. II. Washington Raising the British Flag at Fort 
Duquesne (Pittsburg). 

No. III. Wolf's Interview with Pitt before His De- 
parture for Canada, 

i Revolution, 1 775-1 781. 
(Concord, Massachusetts.) 
No. IV. The Old Adams Houses. Label: 

These houses are still standing in Quincy, Massachusetts, 
which town is sometimes referred to as "Where Independence 
Began." The house on the right was the home of John 
Adams, the great advocate of independence and second presi- 
dent of the United States. The house on the left is the home 
of John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, and often called 
the Puritan President. 

No. V. Unitarian Church. Label: 

The meeting house of the First Parish of Concord was 
built 1712. On October nth, 1774. the Provincial Congress 
first met in the Church and organized with John Hancock 
as president, and Benjamin Lincoln as secretary, and by its 
measures prepared the way for the war of the Revolution and 
American Independence. In 1841 the building was turned 
partlv around and remodelled as shown in the picture. It was 
entirely destroyed bv fire April 12th, 1900. 



THE REVOLUTION, IN PICTURES. 55 

No. VI. The Old Hunt House. Label: 

This house is situated on Punkatawsett Hill in Concord, 
Massachusetts. It was the one where the Americans were 
supplied with food previous to their marching down that hill 
to defend the bridge. 

No. VII. The Old North Bridge. Label : 

Where was fired "The shot heard around the world." 

No. VIII. The Struggle on Concord Bridge. 

No. IX. Merriam's Corner. Label: 

Here after their severe repulse from the old North Bridge, 
the British, on their hurried march to Boston, were severely 
attacked by the Americans. From here all the way down 
the Lexington road the British were fired upon from behind 
stone walls and trees. 

No. X. The Jones House. Label : 

This was built long before the Revolution, and is one of 
the oldest houses in Concord, Massachusetts ; it is now oc- 
cupied by Judge Keyes. In the ell part of the building a 
bullet hole is plainly visible which was probably made by a 
British bullet. 

No. XL The Old Manse. Label : 

Where Emerson wrote his first book of essays, "Nature," 
also several of his poems. Here Hawthorne wrote "Mosses 
from an Old Manse." From a window in the back of the 
house, the Rev. William Emerson witnessed the firing by the 
British troops, also that by the Americans which drove the 
British away from the old North Bridge. 

No. XII. Colonel James Barrett's House. Label : 

This is where the stores of guns and ammunition were 
kept which the British were sent to Concord to destroy. 

No. XIII. Antiquarian House. Label: 

Residence of Captain Reuben Brown, 1775. Now used 
as a museum for revolutionary relics. 



56 children's museum, historical collection. 

(Cambridge, Massachusetts.) 

No. XIV. The Vassall House. Label: 

Few private houses in New England have so much his- 
toric interest as this. It was built in 1757 by Colonel John 
Vassall, a Loyalist, who fled to England in 1775, his property 
in Cambridge and Boston having been confiscated. Its next 
occupant was Colonel John Glover, "a bold little Marblehead 
soldier," who quartered some of his troops there. When 
Washington rode into Cambridge on Sunday, June 2, 1775, 
he saw and liked the old house, but found it very dirty. He 
had it cleaned and established himself there, taking the south- 
east room on the first floor for his study and council room, 
the room overhead for his sleeping room, and that back of his 
study for his "Military Family" or Staff. He kept up a cer- 
tain amount of official splendor, but maintained this sort of a 
court at his own expense. Colonel John Trumbull, his Aide- 
de-camp, complained that he "could not keep up in such mag- 
nificent society." Mrs. Washington came in December, 1775, 
and remained until Washington left in April, 1776. Owners 
of the house after the Revolution were Nathaniel Tracy, 
whom Washington visited for an hour in 1789 ; Thomas Rus- 
sell, and Dr. Andrew Cragie. Talleyrand and Lafayette slept 
in it; Jared Sparks began housekeeping there; Everett and 
Worcester the lexicographer occupied it for a time, and Long- 
fellow rented Washington's sleeping room in 1837. Here he 
wrote "Hyperion" and "Voices of the Night." He very soon 
bought the house, which is now (1909) occupied by his 
daughter. 

(King's Mountain, South Carolina.) 

No. XV. Death of Major Ferguson at King's Moun- 
tain. 

No. XVI. George Washington. Gift of W. E. Bather. 
Steel Engraving, by W. E. Bather, of 
Stuart's Washington, with Remark of 
"Washington Crossing the Delaware," 
after Leutze's Picture. 



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THE REVOLUTION AND "l8l2," IN PICTURES. 57 

No. XVII. Washington and His Generals. By A. H. 
Ritchie. With Key. 

No. XVIII. Washington's Farewell to His Army. By 
A. C. Gow, R. A. With Key. 

General label with the Washington pictures : 
COSTUMES in the TIME of WASHINGTON. 

In all classes of society there was more formality than 
now and the display of elegant costumes was much greater. 

Eadies wore beautiful silks and brocades ; their hair was 
dressed with powder and pomatum, and often built up to a 
great height above the head. Hair-dressers were kept so 
busy on the day of any fashionable entertainment, that ladies 
had to employ their services at four or five in the morning, 
and had to sit upright all the rest of the day in order to avoid 
disturbing the head-dress. 

"If a gentleman went abroad he appeared in his wig, 
white stock, white satin embroidered vest, black satin small 
clothes with white silk stockings, and fine broadcloth or vel- 
vet coat." 

Balls were sometimes given on a very large scale, es- 
pecially by foreign ambassadors. Ladies and gentlemen 
went to balls in sedan-chairs carried by men, and guests were 
expected to arrive between seven and eight. 

The dances were chiefly minuets and contra-dances. 

From "Young Folks History of the United States," pages 
223-224. 

War of 1812 — Indian Wars. 
(Ohio.) 

No. XIX. Gen. Harrison and Tecumseh. 

No. XX. Tecumseh Saving the Life of Prisoners. 

(Alabama.) 

No. XXI. Interview between Gen. Jackson and 
Weatherford. 



58 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

Mexican War, 1846-1848. 
(California.) 

No. XXII. Fremont Raising the United States Flag, 
■May 13, 1846. 

(Class C) 
Navy. 

1805. 

No. XXIII. United States Frigate "Constitution,"* 
Riding at Anchor during a Gale in the 
Harbor of Marseilles, 1805. Label: 

This picture is a copy of a painting by Etienne Roux, a 
French painter of the sea-going craft of his time, and famous 
for his accuracy aside from his skill as a painter. It is be- 
lieved that this picture by Roux is a careful study of the ship 
during her early days, and a true picture of the "Constitution" 
when in charge of Preble during his Mediterranean opera- 
tions against the Tangier pirates. 

The commander of a fleet in those days "flew his broad 
pennant of 15 stars at the mainmast head," as shown in the 
pictures. 

The figure head is that of a woman and child, the origi- 
nal head with which the "Constitution" was furnished having 
been knocked off by a round shot. 

This copy of Roux's painting was made by Mr. Edward 
J. Russell, of Dorchester, Massachusetts. 

This series, from No. 24 to 47, inclusive, is not labeled, 
though all have the same name card. The pictures are mainly 
colored prints. There are a few engravings and woodcuts of 
good quality. 



*Doubt has been recently cast on the claim of some students that 
Roux's picture represents the "Constitution." If not the "Constitu- 
tion," it is probably a picture of her sister ship, the "President," which 
is known to have been in Mediterranean waters at that time. In any 
case, the uncertainty as to the exact subject of the picture detracts 
nothing from its historic interest, for the two sister ships resembled 
each other very closely and either vessel is a good example of the 
best warship used in the United States Navy of that period. 



THE CIVIL AND SPANISH WARS, IN PICTURES. 59 

No. XXIV. Frigate "Constitution" and the "Kear- 
sarge." 

No. "XXV. Action between the "Constitution" and 

THE "GuERRIERE." 

No. XXVI. Frigate "Constellation," Companion to 
the "Constitution" ; Corvette "Sara- 
toga," the "Portsmouth" and the 
"Bancroft." 

No. XXVII. "New Hampshire" and "Dolphin." 

No. XXVIII. "Pennsylvania," "South Carolina" and 
"Hornet." 

No. XXIX. "Charleston" and "San Francisco." 

No. XXX. "Boston" and "Baltimore." 

No. XXXI. "Kearsarge" under Full Sail, with (a) 
Copy of the Log of the Vessel the Day 
she Sunk the "Alabama" ofe Cher- 
bourg, France. 

No. XXXII. "Philadelphia" and "Vesuvius." 

No. XXXIII. "Dispatch," "Atlantic" and "Yankton." 

No. XXXIV. Naval Review, 1893. 

No. XXXV. "Oregon," "Monterey" and "Detroit." 

No. XXXVI. "Amphitrite," "Puritan" and "Mont- 
gomery." 

No. XXXVII. "Newark" and "Miantonomah." 
No. XXXVIII. "Iowa," "Bennington" and "Katahdin." 
No. XXXIX. "Concord," "Stilletto" and "Columbia." 
No. XL. "Chicago" and "Boston." 



60 children's museum, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

No. XU. "Cincinnati," "Terror" and "Indiana.'' 

No. XLII. "Massachusetts." 

No. XLIII. "Texas," "Olympia," and "Minneapolis." 

No. XLIV. "New York." 

No. XLV. "Brooklyn." 

No. XLVI. "Raleigh," "Castine" and ".Maine." 

No. XLVII. "Petrel" and "Vesuvius." 

A collection to show types of United States money, with 
related series of Continental and Confederate money, is in 
process of installation. Some of the types are well repre- 
sented, while others are yet conspicuous by their absence. 
There is a large and valuable collection of copper tokens in 
use during the Civil War, the gift of the Misses Huldah 
M. C. and Frances Louisa Bond, in memory of their father, 
George R. Bond, M. D., who got the coins together and 
mounted them, incorporating pictures of the Presidents, arms 
of the states, noted men, Federal and Confederate, flags, alle- 
gorical pictures, printed information, etc., in the mounting. 
This collection occupies two large frames surmounted by an 
eagle clasping in its claws American flags, arrows and a laurel 
branch. With exception of name-cards the only label in this 
collection at present is the following : 

Continental Money. 

In 1775 when Congress was called upon to conduct the 
War of the Revolution it had nothing with which to pay ex- 
penses and was forced to issue Continental "bills of credit." 
These were rudely engraved bits of paper stating that the 
bearer was entitled to a certain number of Spanish milled 
dollars, or the value thereof in gold or silver. 

Thev were issued in sums of various denominations 
from one-sixth of a dollar up and were to be redeemed by the 
Mates. 



CONTINENTAL MONEY. 61 

The value of these bills fell so rapidly that in 1780 they 
became worthless. It took $150. in Continental currency to 
buy a bushel of corn, and an ordinary suit of clothes cost 
$2,000. 

It is probable that during the war more damage was done 
by paper currency than by all other causes put together. 

See "History of the United States" — John Fiske, pages 
235-236; "History of the United States" — McMaster, pages 
198-200. 



NEW YORK STATE AND CITY. 63 



SECTION IV. 

NEW YORK STATE AND CITY. 
GENERAL LABEL. 

NEW YORK STATE AND CITY. 

VERRAZZANO, commanding the "Dolphin," under 
commission from Francis I, of France, was probably the first 
European to sail into the bay of New York. He came in 
1524, and is supposed to have landed at the Battery, planting 
there a large wooden cross, and claiming the country in the 
name of his king. He was followed by GOMEZ, in 1625, 
who sailed under commission from Charles V, of Spain. The 
next of whom we have record is HUDSON, commanding the 
"Half Moon," under commission from the Dutch East India 
Company. He discovered Manhattan Island on September 
6, 1609, and is called "THE DISCOVERER," because he 
was that in the true sense of the word. To him the nations 
were chiefly indebted for their knowledge of the stream. The 
earliest use of his name for the river appears in an Amsterdam 
publication of 1612. BLOCK, the Dutch navigator, visited 
Manhattan Island in 161 1. Reports of many fur-bearing 
animals induced Amsterdam merchants to form a trading 
company which was chartered by the States General of Hol- 
land and given exclusive privilege of trade in the NEW 
NETHERLANDS, then first mentioned as such, for three 
years, beginning January 1, 1615. This company built a trad- 
ing house and fort (see Dutch Trader type model) near the 
present site of Albany and another on Manhattan Island. 
The WEST INDIA COMPANY (Dutch), chartered June 
3, 1621, was, however, the real founder of the city and 
province, whose, first director was MINUIT (1624-1632), 
who bought Manhattan Island (22,000 acres) of the Indians, 
for $24 in merchandise, the bargain being made on May 6, 
1626, the parties to it meeting at the Battery. A fort and a 
storehouse and mill built of native stone, were first erected; 



64 children's MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION'. 

the church was organized, slaves were brought here, and the 
Patroons (see Brooklyn model) were established. VAN 
TWILLER (1632-1638) finished the fort— Fort Amsterdam 
— at a cost of $1,688; the first school-master arrived and the 
first church was built. Kieft (1638-1647) was not a good 
ruler and brought on Indian war, but he improved the village 
of Manhattan, straightened the streets and enacted laws for 
keeping them in better sanitary condition. Under 
STUYVESANT (1647-1664) the first lawyer began practice, 
a city charter was granted, palisades were put along Wall 
Street as defense against the English, and the city surveyed 
(1656). It had 17 streets, 120 houses and 1,000 inhabitants. 
The average price of city lots was $50 and the average rent 
$14 a year. August 25, 1664, the city was taken by the Eng- 
lish, who shortly established jury trials. In 1673 it was re- 
taken by the Dutch, and in 1674 it was receded to the English. 
the New Netherlands being exchanged for Surinam, which 
the Dutch still (1909) hold. 

(Class C) 

(City, Manhattan Borough.) 

No. I. Fraunces' Tavern. 

No. II. New York (from an Old Print). 

No. III. Old Saint Paul's Church and Yard, and Their 
Modern Neighbors. 

No. IV. Middle Dutch Church, in 1751. 

No. V. View of Haerlem, 1765 (from an Old Print). 

(State.) 

No. VI. Old Senate House, at Kingston. Label: 

In this the Senate was held at the time of the Revolu- 
tion. It was built in 1676 by Wessel Ten Broesk. It is the 
oldest house in Kingston and was sold to the State of New 
York in 1887 to be preserved as a relic. 

No. VII. Huguenot House, at New Paltz. Label: 



NEW YORK STATE : OLD HOUSES. 65 

This house was built in 1712 and bears that date. In 
1899 it was purchased by the Huguenot Memorial Society 
and became a storehouse for relics and old documents, being 
known as "The Memorial House." 

No. VIII. Old Dutch House, near Montgomery, 
Orange County. Label: 
This house was built by Henderyokns Van Kemen in 
1763. It is situated on the old ,road running toward New 
Windsor. The house, still in good preservation, is a short 
distance from the town of Montgomery, Orange County, New 
York. Henderyokns Van Kemen was an officer in the revo- 
lution and was in several engagements. He warmly 
espoused the cause of his country and aided with his money, 
his influence and his personal efforts. 

No. IX. Home oe General Herkimer, Orange County. 
Label : 
Built at Little Falls, Herkimer County, New York, 1764. 
The General died here ten days after the battle of Oriskany, 
during which a musket ball killed his horse and shattered his 
own leg. With perfect composure and cool courage he or- 
dered the saddle taken off the dead horse and placed against 
a large tree. Seated here with his men falling and the bul- 
lets of the enemy flying, he gave his orders which made him 
master of the field and victor in the hard-fought backwoods 
fight of Oriskany. 

No. X. The Billop House, Staten Island. Label : 

The place of the conference between Lord Howe and 
the American Commissioners, 1776. These commissioners 
were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Francis Rutledge 
of South Carolina. 




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HUDSON AND LONG ISLAND. 67 



SECTION V. 

BROOKLYN AND LONG ISLAND. 

GENERAL LABEL: 

BROOKLYN AND LONG ISLAND. 

"When, on the evening of the nth of September, 1609, 
the 'Half Moon' of Amsterdam came to anchor at the mouth 
of the 'Great River of the Mountains,' then, undoubtedly, the 
eyes of white men rested for the first time upon the isle of 
'Manahatta,' the green shores of 'Scheyichbi,' or New Jersey, 
and the forest crowned 'Iphetonga,' or 'Heights' of the pres- 
ent city of Brooklyn."- — Stiles. These shores were then 
covered with magnificent forests. Hudson wrote of the 
country hereabout, "It is as pleasant a land as one need tread 
upon. The land is the finest for cultivation that I ever in 
my life set foot upon." He mentions again the "grass and 
flowers and goodly trees," when telling of his further sail up 
the "Great River." The journal of Hudson's voyage, kept 
by his clerk, Robert Juet, is now lost, but we have some of it 
in direct quotations made by Van Meteren and De Laet, who 
appear to have had access to it. The Long Island that he 
saw was covered with heavy growth of oaks, chestnut, syca- 
more and linden as the prominent trees, while among the 
smaller ones were the blue plum and wild crab-apple. Wild 
berries were plentiful and golden-rod and aster lent their own 
color to the scene, while the "Red Hook" or promontory in 
South Brooklyn, now covered with warehouses, then showed 
the bright tint of the soil which led the Dutch to give it its 
name. There were many small islands between the shore and 
Governor's Island. The water-front of Brooklyn is largely 
made land. At intervals along the shore there were "flats" 
or miniature prairies having a dark-colored surface soil. 
These the Indians cultivated. Hudson must have noticed the 
beans, the waiving maize and golden pumpkins of these fields, 
the large numbers of shore birds and water fowl, attracted by 



(is children's MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

the plentiful growth of wild celery, and the heaps of shell* 
near the beaches — for oysters, which were especially fine at 
Gowanus, formed a large part of the Indian's food. Doubt- 
less he and his men were fighting mosquitoes as they rowed 
towards the shore in their small boats, and this must have 
reminded them of similar experiences in May of the same 
year, when they had sailed past the North Cape toward Nova 
Zembla in the search for the Northeast Passage. 

BROOKLYN — FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 

The "flats," so like the low and level Netherlands and 
ready for the plough because of the rude cultivation practiced 
by the Indians, were first bought by the settlers, who were 
inexperienced in the clearing of forests. THE EARLIEST 
RECORDED GRANT TO AN INDIVIDUAL WITHIN 
THE LIMITS OF THE PRESENT COUNTY OF 
KINGS WAS IN JUNE, 1636. Then Jacob van Corlaer, 
a subordinate official of Wouter van Twiller's administra- 
tion, purchased from the Indians a flat of land called "Casta- 
teeuw, on Sewan-hackey, or Long Island, between the Bay 
of the North River and the East River," the old records tell 
us. On the same day Andries Hudde and Wolfert Gerritsen 
purchased the flats next west and shortly after Wouter van 
Twiller secured those to the east. This was the beginning 
of New Amersfort or FLAT LANDS. Later in 1636, 
William Adriaense Bennet and Jacques Bentyn purchased 
930 acres at GOWANUS (an Indian name) between the 
present 27th Street and the New Utrecht line. In 1637, 
Jansen de Rapalie, a Walloon (Huguenot), purchased 
"Rennegackonk in the bend of Marechkawieck," about 335 
acres now known as THE WALLABOUT, which in Dutch 
was "Waal-Bogt," or "Bay of the Foreigners," the name 
being first given to the Marechkawieck or Wallabout Bay. 
The FERRY (Fulton Ferry) was established by 1642, the 
ferryman, Cornells Dircksen, having a house and garden near 
by. In 1645, Jan Evertse Bout, followed in 1646 by Huyck 
Aertsen, Jacob Stoffelsen, Pieter Cornelissen and Joris Dirck- 
sen, and in 1647 by Gerrit Wolphertsen van Couwenhoven 
and others, established themselves in the vicinity of Smith. 



FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 69 

Hoyt and Fulton Streets, and called the village BREUCK- 
ELBN, after the ancient village of that name in Holland, 
about 18 miles from Amsterdam. These were the beginnings 
of the old city of Brooklyn. The Indian name for this terri- 
tory was "Meryckawiek," or "The Sandy Place." In 1638, 
Van Twiller bought for the Dutch West India Company an 
extensive area which comprised the whole of the former town 
of Bushwick, and later became the Eastern District of Brook- 
lyn, paying for this "eight fathoms of duffels cloth, eight 
fathoms of wampum, twelve kettles, eight adzes, eight axes, 
and some knives, corals and awls." From these beginnings 
Brooklyn has grown, taking in village after village, until it 
occupies the whole of Kings County. January 1, 1898, it 
ceased independent existence as a city and became a borough 
of the City of New York. 

LONG ISLAND — FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 

Many explorers observed the seaward side of Long 
Island. Hudson landed here in 1609; Block discovered it to 
be an island in 1614-1615; Charles I requested the Plymouth 
Company to issue a patent to Lord Stirling for this and adja- 
cent islands, April 2, 1636, the Earl giving power of attorney 
to James Farret, April 20, 1637, and Farret mortgaging the 
property "to Fenwick and others," for the sum of £110, in 
1641 : settlement was begun by the Dutch at the western end 
of the island in June, 1636 ; Lyon Gardiner bought Gardiner's 
Island in 1639, and the English settled at the Eastern end of 
the island in 1640. These are the main facts of the beginning 
of history of the White race on Long Island. Boundary dis- 
putes between Dutch and English were settled by a commis- 
sion at Hartford, Connecticut, September 19, 1650, which 
divided the island by a "line running from the westernmost 
part of Oyster Bay straight and direct to the sea." An- 
nouncement of capture of the New Netherlands by the British 
was sent to the Long Island towns, September 8, 1664. In 
consideration of the sum of £300 sterling, Charles II obtained 
release of the Stirling grant and conveyed this and other terri- 
tory to his brother James, Duke of York. A new and very 



70 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

unpopular body of "Duke's Laws" was imposed in February, 
1665, the people having no voice in the government. Long 
and Staten Islands were erected into a shire, called York- 
shire, towns in the present Suffolk County constituting the 
East Riding; Kings County, Staten Island and Newtown the 
West Riding, and the remainder of Queens the North Riding. 
These laws changed names of Midwout, Amersfort, Middle- 
borough, Rusdorp, Breuckelen and Vlissengen, to Flatbush, 
Flatlands, Newtown, Jamaica, Brooklyn and Flushing, and 
made their "cattle numbers" N, M, O, P, Q and R. July 
30th, 1673, the province was captured by the Dutch, whose 
occupation was terminated by the TREATY OF WEST- 
MINSTER, February 19, 1674, by which Great Britain 
received it in exchange for Surinam. It was divided into 
counties, November 3, 1683, those of Long Island being 
Kings, Queens and Suffolk. April 10, 1693, Long Island 
was named "Nassau," but this was soon dropped. The 
island's history by county division and in the six wars has 
separate statements. It ranks among the desirable places of 
the earth for habitation because of the healthful properties 
of its air and soil, its good water, its fine beaches permitting 
invigorating sea bathing, and its variety in topography. 

(Class A) 

No. I. Dutch Type. Scene, "In the New Netherlands, 

about 1640. A Patroon, His Family, and 

Home." Label: 
Colors in Dutch dress were almost uniformly gay and in 
strong contrast to the quieter tints worn in New England. 
As here represented the heads and costumes of the Patroon 
and his wife are modeled from Elizabeth McClellan's "His- 
toric Dress in America," and the baby from a picture of the 
same period, by J. Jordaens, now in the Madrid Gallery. The 
time was about 1640. The Patroon wears the rich doublet 
and baggy breeches of Holland, fastened with gold buttons. 
His ruff is wired, and his hat, of grey felt, is ornamented with 
long plumes of two colors, fastened with "points." His 
woolen stockings are fastened at the knee with a scarf of silk 
and "points." Points, or ties ornamented at the ends with 



BROOKLYN : THE PATROON'S HOME. 71 

metal sheathes or tags, called aiglets or aiguillettes, and often 
richly jewelled, were the usual fastenings during the 16th 
and i"th centuries, taking the place of buttons in securing the 
different parts of the dress. They were often very dainty and 
sent as love tokens. Sometimes as many as twenty or thirty 
pairs were used by a man of fashion. These, and bowknots 
about his waist, proclaim this Patroon to have been such. 

The lady's gown is of crimson satin with pointed bodice, 
cut low neck, with full sleeves slashed to show the white 
undersleeves. Her ruff and cuffs are of lace starched and 
wired, and her stomacher is held in place by jewelled brooches. 
An overgarment of blue woolen has open sleeves and is tied 
with white ribbons. Her hair is worn in a knot at the back, 
with short wavy locks in front and a fringe of short curls 
upon the forehead. 

The baby, after the fashion of the time, has a dress of 
rich brocade, with cap, "body" and apron of finest linen. 

Such costumes and houses as these pictured might have 
been seen in Brooklyn or any of the Dutch villages of the 
New Netherlands, at that period. Houses varied in size and 
detail according to the purse and fancy of the builder, but all 
were hospitable in appearance, ample in proportion and gen- 
erally painted white, with green blinds. The typical house 
was a one-story structure built of stone, wood or brick — fre- 
quently of all three — set gable end to the road, with finished 
attic containing a few sleeping rooms, a store-room and a 
spinning and loom room. The roof, steep at the ridge pole, 
curved slightly in the descent, was pierced by three dormer 
windows and carried beyond the side wall to form a piazza. 
Its outer edge rested on five turned pillars. At a later date 
the roof line was modified by the "hip," an idea introduced 
from the houses of the English colonists on the island. The 
Dutch house always had plants and a pet bird brought from 
home in the windows, and was set in a pleasant garden or 
bouwerie bright with flowers, especially tulips, with lilacs and 
syringas growing against the house corner. The house pic- 
tured was modeled from the Bergen and Schenck homesteads 
on the road to Bergen Beach (Bergen Island and Crooke's 
Mills), the first of which dates to 1649, while the other is 



72 CHILDREN S MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

supposed to be several years older. These are the oldest 
houses in good repair in Brooklyn. 

Nineteen years after Hendrick Hudson landed at 
Gravesend Bay, Dutch trading posts in the New Netherlands 
had become so important that the Home Government decided 
to attract desirable and permanent colonization. To that end 
an act was passed in Holland (1629) conferring the title of 
"Patroon," which means patron or protector, together with 
the grant of a large tract of land with manorial privileges 
and the right to entail, on one who raised a company of fifty 
colonists and brought them to America. At first the indi- 
vidual had to be a member of the Dutch West India Company 
which had control here, but later the title could be obtained 
by any fulfilling the conditions. Patroons acquired immense 
wealth and the furnishings of their homes were the choicest 
they could import. Through the effort of the Anti-rent Party 
the privileges of the Patroon were extinguished about 1850. 

(Class B) 
(Brooklyn.) 

No. I. Candle Snuffers Used in the Early i6th Cen- 
tury. Gift of Herbert Lee Utter. 

No. II. Window Weights and Door Hinges. Gift of 
Henry Ropke. Label : 

From an old Dutch church, Jamaica, built in 1740. It 
was changed into a house and used as headquarters by Wash- 
ington during the Revolution. 

The house was destroyed by fire in 1903. 

No. III. Infant's Hand Embroidered Waist (about 
1800). Gift of Mrs. M. Mumby. 

No. IV. Infant's Hand Embroidered Lace Cap (about 
1800). Gift of Mrs. M. Mumby. 

No. V. Sampler, Wrought in Silk, by Miss Charlotte 
A. Sibley, Dated July 23, 1825. Gift of 
Mrs. M. Mumby. 



OBJECTS AND PICTURES. 73 

No. VI. Sampler, Wrought in Worsted, by Catherine 
I. James, in 1843. Gift of Mrs. Julia A. 
Searing. Label : 
This Sampler was worked by the mother of Mrs. Sear- 
ing, in 1843, at the age of ten. At that time samplers were 
used in school for instruction and practice in needle-work. 
When a sampler was well made it was framed and hung for 
exhibition. 

No. VII. Sabots. Of Modern Make. Introduced to 
Show the Kind Worn by the First Dutch 
Settlers. 

(Class C) 

No. I. Miniature Portrait, Painted on Ivory, of Miss 
Charlotte A. Sibley. Gift of Mrs. M. 

MUMBY. 

No. II. Lord Stirling at the Battle of Long Island. 

No. III. Battle Pass. 

No. IV. Martyrs' Monument. 

No. V. Invitation to Opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. 

No. VI. Brooklyn in 1816. 

(Long Island.) 
(Roslyn.) 

No. VII. William Cullen Bryant, with (a) Autograph 
Copy of "Truth Crushed to Earth." 

(Easthampton.) 

No. VIII. Windmill, Revolutionary Period. 

No. IX. Home of John Howard Payne, with Portrait. 
Label : 
John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home," 
was. born at No. 33 Pearl Street, Manhattan, June 9, 1791. 
His parents soon after removed to Easthampton, Long Island, 
his father, William Payne, having been made head-master of 
the Academy which Governor Clinton had caused to be 



(4 CHILDREN S MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

erected in that town. His mother was Sarah Isaacs, daugh- 
ter of a distinguished Hebrew living in Easthampton, and of 
a Scotch woman, formerly Miss Hedges, niece of the Earl of 
Dysart. Payne was a man of varied ability, actor and author. 
"Home, Sweet Home" is Irom his "Clari, the Maid of Milan," 
first performed at Covent Garden Theatre, London, on May 

8, 1823, Miss Tree, sister of Miss Ellen Tree (Mrs. Charles 
Kean), singing the song. In 1842, Payne was made Colonel 
on the staff of Major-General Aaron Ward, 4th Division, 
New York State Militia, and on August 23 of that year, Pres- 
ident Tyler appointed him Consul at Tunis, Algiers. He 
died there, April 9, 1852, was buried in St. George's Ceme- 
tery ; his body was subsequently removed to this country, ar- 
riving at Martin's Stores, Brooklyn ; lying in state at the 
City Hall, Manhattan, and being reinterred at Oak Hill Ceme- 
tery, Washington, D. C, with impressive ceremony, on June 

9, 1883. Payne was well known in Brooklyn, as he was a 
frequent visitor at the home of his brother, on Clinton Street, 
near Harrison. A fine bust of Payne, by Baerer, was un- 
veiled in Prospect Park, September 27, 1873. 

(Southold.) 

No. X. The First Church. Label: 

This church was formed on the 21st of October, 1640, by 
Rev. John Youngs of St. Margaret's, Reyden, and its chapel 
of St. Edmund's, Southold, Suffolk County, England. Rev- 
erend Mr. Youngs was a Puritan, who came over with his 
family and founded the church and the town of Southold. It 
was the earliest church to be organized as a religious corpora- 
tion on Long Island. The present church was rebuilt in 1803. 
It stands a short distance east of the first meeting-house, the 
site of which is marked by a granite monument. This view 
of the church also gives a portion of the cemetery which is 
called "new." 

No. XI. Churchyard of the First Church. Label: 

In this cemetery are buried the first pastor, Rev. John 
Youngs, and his son, the Honorable John Youngs, High 
Sheriff of Yorkshire, and member of His Majesty's Colonial 



HUDSON-FULTON SPECIAL LABELS. 7 5 

Council. He was the most eminent and powerful man of 
Long Island for a generation. 

HUDSON-FULTON LABELS IN OTHER THAN THE 
HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

In each collection whatever relates to the Hudson-Fulton 
celebration is emphasized by special label, or, where there are 
a number of such objects, attention has been called to them 
in a general label posted in conspicuous place. 

BOTANY, 
i General Label. 

WHAT HUDSON MUST HAVE SEEN. 

"This is a very good land to fall in with, and a pleasant 
land to see," is the record in the "Journal" of Hudson's voy- 
age on the day when his ship came to anchor off the Navesink 
Highlands. As he sailed up the bay and explored the shores 
hereabout, he made frequent mention of the beauty of the 
country, with its grass, flowers, and as goodly trees as ever 
he had seen, from which came sweet odors. Barren Island 
and Coney Island then extended much farther into the Lower 
Bay, and back of their long sweep of beach was fertile land, 
now covered by sand. Here were groves of red cedar with 
some lower growth, in which sumach was changing to its 
autumn tint, the whole fringed with golden-rod and aster of 
both white and purple varieties. The flower border con- 
tinued along the promontory where is now Fort Hamilton, 
outlined Gravesend Bay, went over the Red Hook and up to 
the present Heights. This was probably as far on the East 
River as Hudson's boats ventured. But the character of the 
trees changed. The red cedar gave place to oak, chestnut, 
linden, tulip, sour-gum, alders, magnolia, ironwcod, larch, 
white cedar, beech, hemlock, sycamore, pines, and wild fruit 
trees — the plum and black cherry. On the Heights were 
magnificent groves of ash and oak. Wild grape vines rioted 
over the trees. There were quantities of green briar and bit- 
tersweet, the berries then darkening ; of Virginia creeper and 
poison ivy. When Hudson's men came ashore, as they are 
known to have done, they must have passed through fields of 



76 CHILDREN" S MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

corn (maize) and bean patches which the Canarsie Indian 
women had planted, and if they walked through the forest or 
into its glades, their feet must have touched wild flowers, 
either in leaf or in blossom. Among these were members of 
the mint, clover, buttercup, myrtle, mustard, St. John's wort, 
dandelion, lobelia, jack-in-the-pulpit, iris, sorrel, Solomon's 
seal, wild lily, plantain, and tansy families, mushrooms, toad- 
stools, ferns, the many luxuriant grasses and sedges, the 
water rushes, the wild celery on which the ducks fed, and 
many other flowers familiar to us at this day. 

Examples of the flora mentioned are in this collection. 

GEOGRAPHY. 
2 Special Labels. 

On a wall map of this section of the United States the 
Hudson-Fulton route is marked by tiny flags of the Holland 
of 1609 and the United States of 1807, the first-mentioned 
placed at Navesink Highlands and at Albany, the second at 
Manhattan Borough and at Albany. The label states : 
"These flags, of the Holland of 1609 and the United States 
of 1807, show the route followed by Henry Hudson, in 1609, 
beginning at Navesink Highlands, New Jersey, and ending at 
Albany, New York, and by Robert Fulton, in 1807, beginning 
at Manhattan Borough, the old City of New York, and end- 
ing at Albany." 

The collection is enriched by large type models, which 
open a series showing life and occupation as governed by 
zonal distribution. California and Haida Indians, Labrador 
and Alaska Eskimo, and a lumber camp in a temperate forest 
are those now installed. The last named was given the fol- 
lowing label when put on exhibition in 1907 : 

LUMBER CAMP IN TEMPERATE FOREST. 

These men have gone into the deep forest away from 
human dwellings, to fell trees and prepare the valuable tim- 
ber for the markets of the world. 

The log cabin, its furniture and nearly all the conven- 
iences of the camp are obtained directly from the forest. 
Food, clothing, oil and the necessary tools of iron and steel 






m 
IP 



a 



ISP 



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H 



C c 
Z .2 

H S. 



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IH 



HUDSON-FULTON SPECIAL LABELS. 77 

are bought with money made from the sale of the lumber. 
The barrels on the bobsled at the right are filled with food 
supplies from the nearest trading station. 

While the lumberman must earn his living by hard labor 
with his hands, life for him is much easier than for the Es- 
kimo. The lumberman can always find people ready to sell 
him food and clothing, while the Eskimo must either capture 
his food or starve. 

The methods of lumbering shown in this model are those 
employed many years ago before steam and machinery came 
into use. 

It now has this additional label : 

LUMBER CAMP IN TEMPERATE FOREST. 

Because it shows conditions that the settlers had to meet, 
this model relates very closely to the period of early settle- 
ment on Long Island. While the forest was not so dense 
here as on the mainland and some wind-swept stretches were 
almost bare of trees, there were heavily wooded sections. 
These the British were more ready to take up than were the 
Dutch, who preferred the "flats" of fertile land along shore, 
as being like the farms in their own Holland, so first pur- 
chased those from the Indians, though afterwards they occu- 
pied the wooded hills. But nearly every British colony had 
members brought up in or near the great British forests, there- 
fore familiar with woodcraft. 

GEOLOGY. 
2 Special labels and one General (Long Island) label. 

The topaz, in the series of birthstones, case of gems, in 
the mineralogy room, has this label : 

The TOPAZ was 

ROBERT FULTON'S BIRTHSTONE 

He was born November 14, 1765. 

A specimen of serpentine, in prominent position in the 
mineral case, has this in addition to the usual descriptive 
label : 

"On Friday, the 2d, the Half Moon anchored near 'a 
cliffe that looked of the colour of a white greene.' This cliff 



78 children's MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 

is one of the most accurately located landmarks in Hudson's 
river voyage, being without doubt the green serpentine out- 
crop at Castle Point, Hoboken." Edward Hagaman Hall, 
L. H. M., L. H. D.— "Hudson and Fulton." 

The general label, also printed as a leaflet for the use of 
teachers and students, is as follows : 

GEOLOGY OF LONG ISLAND. 

Long Island Indians account for the stones and huge 
boulders on the north shore in a legend of an angry demon 
on the Connecticut shore who hurled the rocks at offending 
demons on this side of the Sound. Geology accounts for 
them by showing that they were left by a great ice-sheet which 
swept down from the North, thousands of years ago, and left 
its story plainly written in the language of stone and sand. 
The first was brought from northern mountains, and the 
second was scooped up out of the ground where Long Island 
Sound now is. Both were deposited at a line about the center 
of the Island in what is called a moraine, thus forming a ridge 
now known as "the backbone of Long Island." This starts 
at Bay Ridge and forks at Port Jefferson, the southern line 
continuing to form Montauk Point, with vanishing remains 
further eastward in Block Island, Martha's Vineyard, and 
Nantucket : the northern line forming Orient Point, and 
Plum, the two Gull, and Fisher's Islands. Some geologists 
think this northern line the work of a second ice-sheet. The 
hills of the island are composed, of what is called "gravel- 
drift" and "till" or drift proper. The yellow gravel drift also 
forms the soil of the pine barrens of southern and eastern 
Long Island and appears in a brickyard at Huntington. 
Near Brooklyn the till attains it greatest depth, between 150 
and 200 feet. Mt. Prospect, in Prospect Park, 194 feet in 
height, probably consists for the most part of till. Some of 
the boulders placed by the ice-sheet are of enormous size. At 
Shelter Island is one, now split in three pieces, that as a solid 
mass contained over 9,000 cubic feet. Rock in place comes 
to the surface only near Astoria. 

It is said that "highways follow deer paths," but the 
paths which those animals choose were frequently first laid 



GEOLOGY OF LONG ISLAND. 79 

down by glacial action. When the progress of the ice-sheet 
was stopped the ice began to melt — the water collected in sub- 
glacial rivers and where two such rivers met or where great 
balls of ice, boulders and debris were left at the edge of the 
moraine, basin-shaped depressions called "kettle holes" were 
made. Up to 1904 three such existed on Brooklyn Avenue 
just beyond the Eastern Parkway. Gardiner's, Great and 
Little Peconic bays, and one or two smaller bays, were origin- 
ally formed by sub-glacial streams as they emerged from the 
land. Some of these have a bottom below present sea level 
because the old river channels had their beds near the old sea 
bottom and retained their original depth while the drift was 
being deposited around them. An "esker" or gravel ridge, 
formed by a sub-glacial stream, was formerly to be seen at 
DeKalb Avenue near Myrtle Avenue Park, Ridgewood. 
Brooklyn streets which follow depressions left by old sub- 
glacial streams are Martense Lane, in Flatbush ; the old Port 
Road, through Prospect Park; the old Clove Road, near the 
Penitentiary, and the Hunter-Fly ("Vly" Dutch for Valley) 
Road in East New York. 

A uniform water level exists in the stratified sands of 
Long Island which are underlain by clays, and on this depends 
the existence of the many ponds of clear and cool water, some 
of which have no visible inlet or outlet. The largest of these, 
Lake Ronkonkoma, is 13 miles in circumference, with a maxi- 
mum depth of 83 feet. 

Fossils have been found at Fort Lafayette, New Utrecht, 
Prospect Park, Fort Greene, and Front Street. Fossil leaves 
and plants exist from Eaton's Neck to Glen Cove. 

The New Jersey clay beds continue on Long Island, 
reaching it at Rockaway Inlet and crossing the Island diagon- 
ally to Lloyd's Neck. South of this is a marl belt. Lignite 
is found and peat beds abound. Magnetite, occurring almost 
everywhere on the beaches in the form of sand, is the only 
magnetic ore on the Island. Iron pyrites is present as Mar- 
casite, a material prized by jewelers. With the sand, gravel 
and clays before mentioned, it will be seen that almost the 
whole of Long Island can be utilized in the arts and trades. 



80 children's museum, historical collection. 

ZOOLOGY, 
i General Label. 

HERE WHEN HUDSON CAME. 

Hudson was impressed by the number of fish in this 
harbor. Soon after anchoring he sent men out in a small boat 
to get a supply, and notes in his journal, September 4, 
"Caught ten great mullet, a foot and a half long, and a Ray 
as great as four men could haul into the ship." He mentions 
salmon, sturgeon, and quantities of snipe and other birds, 
and must have noticed the butterflies, for at that time of year 
the monarch, tiger-swallowtail and sulphur butterflies are 
most abundant. Probably at dusk the noise made by katydids 
was heard by those on the "Half Moon." Daniel Denton, 
son of the first minister at Hempstead, who came from Stam- 
ford in 1644, published a "History of New York" in 1670, 
in which he said that the Long Island Indians ate fish, fowl, 
venison, skunks, raccoon, opossum, turtles, etc., and spoke of 
the prevalence of wolves and foxes. Wolves were annoying 
in 1665, for the "Duke's Laws" promise "The value of an 
Indian coat to be given to any one who shall bring the head 
of a wolf to any constable on Long Island, provided it be 
killed on Long Island." Foxes and wild-cats had laws passed 
against them in 1717. It is possible that bear were localized 
in small numbers. Whales were so plentiful that the salary 
of the first minister at Easthampton was paid mainly in whale 
oil. Shad were also abundant, the shad fishery at Fort Hamil- 
ton being noted as late as 1848. All these must have been 
here when Hudson came. Many remain, but wolves, bear, 
otter and others have been exterminated. The Labrador 
duck, once plentiful, became extinct here about forty years 
ago. The black rat, introduced early in the history of the 
country, has been almost universally replaced by the obnox- 
ious rodent, the Norway rat, which, with other pests, such as 
the house mouse, the Croton bug and Oriental roach, was 
brought on European ships. Native roaches and mice were 
confined more to the woods, though Indians had plenty of 
pests in their habitations attracted by lack of cleanliness — 
bedbugs, lice, carrion and scavenger beetles, flies, mosquitoes, 



"HERS WHEN HUDSON CAME." 81 

ants, etc. Of the creatures that were here when Hudson 
came this Museum exhibits: 



Bear 


Water 


Bay lynx or wild-cat 


Ring-necked 


Wolf 


Worm 


Fox 


Turtles 


Skunk 


Snapping 


Opossum 


Red-legged 


Porcupine 


Box 


Raccoon 


Mud 


Woodchuck 


Painted 


Squirrels 


Spotted 


Gray 


Lobster 


Red 


Crab 


Chipmunk 


Shrimp 


Rabbit, cotton-tail 


Oysters 


Mink 


Clams 


Weasel 


Mussels 


Martin 


Squid 


Bat 


Fish 


Porpoise 


Mullet 


Whale (model) 


Ray 


Beaver 


Salmon 


Muskrat 


Sturgeon 


Vole 


Bass 


Mole 


Brook-trout 


Frogs 


Shad 


Green 


Perch 


Leopard 


Weak-fish 


Pickerel 


Dog-fish 


Wood 


Birds 


Tree 


Song birds 


Bull 


Duck 


Toads — 3 kinds 


Geese 


Salamander 


Snipe 


Snakes 


Swan 


Banded rattle 


Herons 


Blue racer 


Pigeons 


Copperhead 


Eagle 


Black 


Osprey 


Brown 


Gulls 


Garter 


Owls 


Blowing--adder 


Hawks 


Red-bellied 


Butterflies 


Milk 


Insects. 



82 children's museum, historical collection. 

THE LIBRARY. 

The Library has a Hudson-Fulton bookshelf and bulle- 
tins about each of the men. 

Books Consulted. 

Abbott ( )ld Paths and Legends of the New England 

Border. 

Abbott Lives of the Presidents. 

Arnold The Sea Beach at Ebb Tide. 

Beauchamp Wampum and Shell Articles. 

Boutelle Arms and Armor. 

Church Indian 1 [istory. 

Cooper Navy of the United States. 

Denton History of New York. 

Demmin Die Kriegs waffen. 

Drake Indian History. 

Drake Nooks and Corners of the New England 

Coast. 

Earle Two Centuries of Costume in America. 

Karle Costume of Colonial Times. 

Eggleston Household History of the United States. 

Ellis The People's Standard History of the United 

States. 

Elson History of the United States. 

Emmerton Life on the Sea Shore. 

Emmons Navy of the L^nited States. 

Fairlie National Administration of the United States. 

Kiske New France and New England. 

Fiske History of the United States. 

Fiske Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. 

Fiske Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. 

Gauss The American Government. 

Griffis Brave Little Holland. 

Hadyn Dictionary of Dates. 

1 1 art The American Nation. 

1 lart Source Readers in American History. 

Hart (ed.) Grolier Club Catalogue of Washington Por- 
traits. 



BOOKS CONSULTED. 83 

Harrison This Country of Ours. 

Jenks Our Army for Our Boys. 

Johnson French Pathfinders in America. 

Johnson Pioneer Spaniards in North America. 

Johnson Original Portraits of Washington. 

Kretschmer ] 

and S-Trachten der Volker. 

Rohrbach J 

Lacombe Arms and Armor. 

Lock wood Colonial Furniture in America. 

Lossing Field Book of the Revolution. 

Lossing Our Country. 

Luddington. . . .Uniforms of the Army of the United States. 

Lyon Colonial Furniture in New England. 

Maclay History of the Navy. 

Macgeorge Flags. 

Mayer Sea Shore Life. 

McLellan Historic Dress in America. 

Mercuri Costumes historique. 

Montgomery. . .American History. 

Moore Old Furniture Book. 

Morgan Theodore Roosevelt. 

Munn Three Types of Washington Portraits. 

National Cyclopedia of Biography. 

New International Encyclopedia. 

Parkman Jesuits in North America. 

Parkman Montcalm and Wolf. 

Putnam Open Fireplace. 

Racinet Le costume historique. 

Richardson .... Cambridge on the Charles. Harper's Maga- 
zine, January, 1876. 

Septimo Colleccion litografica de guadros del rey de 

Espaha. 

Smith Thirteen Colonies. 

Spears United States Navy. 

Stiles The History of Brooklyn. 

Stratemeyer. . .American Boy's Life of William McKinley. 

Thomas History of the United States. 

Thompson History of Long Island. 



si children's museum, HISTORICAL collection. 

Thwaites France' in America. 

Walton Stories of Pennsylvania. 

Walton Uniforms of the Army of the United States. 

Weir John Trumbull and His Works. 

Winterburn. . .Spanish in the Southwest. 



For fuller information in regard to the Indians of this 
vicinity the reader is referred to 

THE INDIANS OF M \.\HATTAX [SLAND 
AND GREATER NEW YORK, 

by Alanson Skinner, being 
A GUIDE 

TO THE 

HUDSON-FULTON EXHIBIT 

AT THE 

American Museum oe Natural History. 



THE HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION COMMISSION 

Appointed by the Governor of the State of New York 

and the Mayor of the City of New York and 

chartered by Chapter 325, Laws of 

the State of New York, 1906 

LIST OF OFFICERS 

President 
GEN. STEWART L. WOODFORD 

Presiding Vice-President 
MR. HERMAN RIDDER 

Vice-Presidents 

Mr. Andrew Carnegie Mr. John E. Parsons 

Hon. Joseph H. Choate Gen. Horace Porter 

Maj.-Gen. F. D. Grant, U. S. A. Hon. Frederick VV. Seward 

Hon. Seth Low Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson 

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan Hon. Oscar S. Straus 

Hon. Levi P. Morton Mr. Win. B. Van Rensselaer 

Hon. Alton B. Parker Gen. James Grant Wilson 

Treasurer 

MR. ISAAC N. SELIGMAN 
No. 1 William St., New York 

Secretary Assistant Secretary 

MR HENRY W. SACKETT MR. EDWARD HAGAMAN HALL 

Tribune Building, New York 

Art and Historical Exhibits Committee 
MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, General Chairman 

Sub-Committee in Charge of Scientific and Historical Exhibits 

DR. GEORGE F. KUNZ, Chairman 

401 Fifth Ave., New York 

Sub Committee in Charge of Arts Exhibits 

HON. ROBERT W. de FOREST, Chairman 

Metropolitan Museum of Art 



86 children's museum, historical COLLECTION. 

List of Institutions holding Free Exhibitions under the 
auspices of or in co-operation with the Scientific, 
Historical and Art Committees of the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration Committee. 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Seventy-seventh 

Street, from Columbus Avenue to Central Park West. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. ; Sundays from 1 to 5 p. m. Always free. 
Special Exhibition during the Hudson=Fulton Celebration, from September 
1st to December 1st. Original objects showing the life and habits of the 
Indians of Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley. (Special 
illustrated guide for sale; price, 10 cents.) 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, Engineering 
Building, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street. Robert Fulton Exhibition consists 
of paintings, drawings, books, decorations and furniture, and working 
models of John Fitch's steamboat, the first boat operated and propelled by 
steam, Robert Fulton's " Clermont," the first successful application 
of steam to navigation, and John Stevens's " Phoenix," the first steamboat 
to sail on the ocean. 

Council Room of the Society, eleventh floor, and will be open from 
9.00 a. in. until 5.30 p. m. during the entire period of the Hudson-Fulton 
Celebration, and from 9.00 a. m. until 5.00 p. m. daily until December 6th. 

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE MUSEUM, Eastern Parkway. Open daily, 
except Sundays, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m.; Sundays from 2 to 6 p. m.; 
Thursday evenings from 7.30 to 9.45 p. m. Free except on Mondays and 
Tuesdays, when admission fee is charged of 25 cents for adults and 10 
cents for children under sixteen years of age. Special Exhibition relating 
to Stone Implements of the Indians on Long Island, and examples of native 
animals; Portrait of Robert Fulton painted by himself, the property of 
Col. Henry T. Chapman and loaned by him to the Museum. 

CHILDRENS MUSEUM (Brooklyn Institute), Bedford Park, Brook- 
lyn Avenue. Historical Collection and Objects of Related Interest (Illus- 
trated Catalogue). Open free to the public from Monday to Saturday 
(inclusive) from 9 a. m. to 5.30 p. m., and on Sunday from 2 until 5.30 
p. in. 

CITY HISTORY CLUB OF NEW YORK, 21 West Forty-fourth 
Street. Special Exhibition of Illustrations, Photographs, Maps and 
Plans relating to the history of the City of New York, and all of the orig= 
inals used in the City History Club Historical Guide Book of the City of 
New York. 

COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, St. Nicholas Avenue 
and 1 ;,<ith Street. Hudson=Fulton Exhibit. During the Hudson=Fulton 
Celebration and for some weeks thereafter, the College of the City of 
New York will have on exhibition in its historical museum a collection 
of charts, views, manuscripts and relics representing old New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, BOROUGHS OF BROOKLYN AND 
QUEENS. Through the courtesy of Commissioner Michael J. Kennedy, 
the different species of trees have been labeled in Prospect Park, from the 
Plaza to the Willink Entrance; in Bedford Park; in Highland Park; 
and in Tompkins Park. An additional small enameled sign has been 



children's MUSEUM, HISTORICAL COLLECTION. 87 

hung on those labeled trees that were indigenous to the Hudson River 
Valley in 1609. The special label reads: "This species is a native of 
the Hudson River Valley." 

FRAUNCES TAVERN, 54 Pearl Street, near Broad Street. Historic 
Revolutionary Building. Built in 1719. Open daily, except Sundays, 
from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. Special Exhibition of Revolutionary Relics by the 
New York State Society of the Sons of the Revolution, who are the owners 
of the historic building, September 15th to November 1st. 

LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Pierrepont and 
Clinton Streets, Brooklyn, between Brooklyn Bridge and Borough Hall. 
Open daily, except Sundays, from 8.30 a. m. to 6 p. m. Reference library 
of 70,000 volumes; manuscripts, relics, etc. Autograph receipt of 
Robert Fulton and original manuscript volume of Dankcr's and Sluyter's 
" Journal of a Voyage to New York in 1679=80." 

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, Central Park East. Main 
entrance on Fifth Avenue at Eighty-second Street. Open daily, except 
Sundays, from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m.; until December 31st, to 5 p. m.; 
Saturdays to 10 p. m.; Sundays from 1 to 6 p. m. On Mondays and 
Fridays an admission fee of 25 cents is charged, except to members and 
copyists. Collections illustrating all departments of Art and Archaeology. 
Special Exhibition of a magnificent Collection of over 130 of the works 
of 17th century Dutch Masters, constituting the finest Exhibition of this 
kind ever made. Products of Colonial Art: American Paintings, Fur= 
niture, Pewter and Silver of the 17th and 18th centuries, etc. (Two 
catalogues for sale, one of Dutch Exhibit and one of Colonial Arts; price, 
10 cents each. Also finely illustrated edition de luxe.) 

NATIONAL ARTS CLUB, Twentieth Street near Irving Place 
(Gramercy Park). Open daily from September 20th to about October 
18th, rgog, from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m. Special Loan Exhibition by the 
National Arts Club, in co-operation with the American Scenic and Historic 
Preservation Society. 

Three centuries of New York City: Special Exhibition of Paintings, 
Photographs, Drawings and other interesting materials, illustrating the 
growth and progress of New York from the time of Henry Hudson to the 
present day. 

NEW YORK AQUARIUM, in Battery Park. Under the management 
of the New York Zoological Society. Open daily, including Sundays, 
from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. until October 15th. (October 16th to April 14th, 
from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m.) All tanks containing fish indigenous to the 
Hudson River will be so marked. 

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, Bronx Park. Museums open 
daily, including Sundays, from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m.; Conservatories from 
10 a. m. to 4 p. m. Grounds always open. In the Grounds and Conser= 
vatories exhibits of Plants, Shrubs, Trees and Natural Woodland; in the 
Museums, Plant Products utilized in the Arts, Sciences and Industries. 
All Trees growing on Manhattan Island and Hudson River Valley at the 
time of Hudson's arrival are marked with the letter " H." (Special 
illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

NEW YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 

226 West Fifty-eighth Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. 
Open daily, except Sundays, from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m., until November 1st. 



88 children's MUSEUM, historical COLLECTION. 

Special Exhibition of old Deeds, Manuscripts, Books, Portraits, etc., 
relating to the historj of the United States up to and including the War of 
1812. (Catalogue for sale.) 

NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, corner of Seventy-seventh 
Street and Central l'ark West. September 25th to October 30th, open 
daily from g a . m. to 5 p. m. Robert Fulton Exhibition of the New York 
Historical Society, in co-operation with the Colonial Oames of America. 
(Catalogue for sale.) 

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, Lenox Branch, Fifth Avenue 

and Seventy-second Street. Open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. in. 
to 6 p. in. Special Exhibition of Prints, Books, Manuscripts, etc., relating 
to Henry Hudson, the Hudson River, Robert Fulton and Steam Nav- 
igation. (vSpecial illustrated catalogue for sale; price, 10 cents.) 

NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK, under the management of the 
New York Zoological Society, St. Nicholas Avenue (138th to 140th 
Streets), in Bronx l'ark. Open daily, including Sundays, from 9 a. in. 
until an hour before sunset (November 1st to May 1st from 10 a. m.). 
Free, except on Mondays and Thursdays, when an admission fee oi 
25 cents is charged. The fauna of Henry Hudson's time on Manhattan 
Island and Hudson River Valley will be indicated by the flag of the Hudson- 
Fulton Celebration. (Special illustrated catalogue for sale.) 

REFORMED DUTCH CHURCH. The Reformed Protestant Dutch 
Church of the Citv of New York will make an exhibit in the chapel of the 
Church of St. Nicholas, Fifth Avenue and 48th Street, during the week 
of the celebration, 9 to S daily. 

VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE MUSEUM, in Van Cortlandt Park was 
built in 1748. Open dailv, a. m. to 5 p. m. Special Exhibition of 
Mezzotint Portraits of men prominent in political life prior to the Kevo. 
lution; Wedgwood's Medallion Portraits of Illustrious Personages; 
Cartoons and Caricatures of political events, etc. (Special illustrated 
catalogue on sale.) 

WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS (The Jumel Mansion), Rogei 
Morris Park, Edgecombe Road and One Hundred and Sixty-second 
Street. Built about 1760. Open free dailv, including Sundays, trorn 
a. m. to 5 p. m Special features: Collection of Colonial furnishings, 
objects and pictures; also the Bolton Collection of War Relics of the 
Revolution. 

BY SPECIAL CARD ONLY. 

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 15 West 81st Street. 
Special Exhibition of Books and Maps relating to Henry Hudson and 
Robert Fulton. Admission may be obtained by card. Apply to 1< 

Librarian, .5 West 81st Street. Open from September 25th to October 
9th, from 9 a. in. to 5 p. in. 



,""» 



MUSEUMS OF THE 



Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences 

FREDERIC A. LUCAS, D. Sc 
Curator-in -Chief 



CATALOGUE 

OF THE 

HISTORICAL COLLECTION 

AND 

OBJECTS OF RELATED INTEREST 

AT THE 

CHILDREN'S MUSEUM 



ANNA B. GALLUP, B. A. 
Curator 



HUDSON-FULTON CELEBRATION NUMBER 



Prepared by 
AGNES E. BOWEN 



For list of Officers and Institutions, Hudson-Fulton Celebration, 
see last four pages 



.F. Ja '13 



